LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Sh.e\f-*M3- 



UNITEB STATES OF AMEEICA. 



0^ 



I . II 



Elements of Hebrew 



by 



-ZL.2>t InsriDTJCTi^TE Method. 



Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 



WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph. D., 

Professor of Hebrew and the Cognate Languages, Chicago Baptist Union 
Theological Seminary. 



CHICAGO, 1882. 

THE HEBREW BOOK EXCHANGE, MORGAN PARK. 

MAX STERN, Printer & Stationer, 84 & 86 Fifth Ave. 






TO THE MEMBERS OF THE 

American Institute of Hebrew 

this volume is respectfully dedicated 



Entered according to the Act of Congress in the office of the Librarian of Congress, 
1882, by WILLIAM E. HARPER. 



PREFACE TO THE SICOND EDITION. 



Within twelve months from the time of publishing the first'edition of 
the " Elements of Hebrew," every copy was gone. The favor with which 
the book was received encouraged the author to undertake the publica- 
tion of a new edition. This edition is printed, not published. The publi- 
cation of a Hebrew grammar presupposes long experience and erudite 
knowledge. To neither of these does the author lay claim. It is to be 
understood that the present volume is issued for a special class of men, 
engaged in a special work. It is, in the nature of the case, imperfect. 
But while this fact is sorely lamented, and while no excuse for it can be 
offered, there are reasons which perhaps in some measure may serve to 
extenuate it. The plan of the grammar is entirely new. Years of study 
and practice are necessary for the full and perfect development of it. 
The work ,of preparation has been done in the midst of regular and special 
duties of the most exacting character. Add also the patience-trying, soul- 
disturbing difficulties connected with the setting up and electrotyping of 
Hebrew type, together with the haste made necessary by the daily 
demands for the book, and perhaps the student will pardon the errors 
which may arrest his attention. 

The "Elements" contains nothing new ; it is but a new arrangement of 
old material. The best grammars have been consulted in its preparation. 
It is especially indebted to the grammars of Gresenius and Davidson, but 
valuable aid has been received also from Green, Ewald, Nordheimer, 
Deutzsch, Kalisch, Bickell and Boettcher. 

The system of grammar employed is substantially that of Gresenius. 



4 PREFACE. 

The method of transliteration, however, differs in some details. It may 
Tbe said that the book is intended, in some sense, as an Introduction to 
Gesenius. 

The method pursued is the so-called Inductive. The first four 
chapters of Genesis form the basis and a thorough knowledge of these 
chapters is presupposed on the part of all who undertake the stud3 7 of it. 
When these chapters fail to produce examples of a given principle, words 
are taken from other portions of the Old Testament, and in most cases the 
book, chapter and verse are indicated. Additional material is furnished 
by the various Paradigms and the forms taken from them. The principle 
underlying the whole method is this : So far as possible let the student 
master facts before principles ; Jet no principle be presented for his con- 
sideration until he ha shad several illustrations of that principle. This 
is the ideal plan, and, in the opinion of the author, he who adheres to it 
most rigidly is the ideal teacher. 

Instead of adopting a new Paradigm-word for each class of Weak 
verbs, it seemed best to retain the verb 7JOD1 merely varying it so far as 
the particular verb under consideration demanded, e. g., Pe Guttural 
*?&¥ ; 'Ayin Doubled, JOtOp ; 'Ayin Vav, *^1p etc. There is no objection 
whatever to this method. Gesenius adopts it in his treatment of the 
Formation of Nouns. Experience has shown that men learn the verb in 
this way more rapidly and more thoroughly. 

The treatment of the noun is, in substance, that which is found in 
Gesenius' grammar, in a form, however, more simple and less cumbersome. 

For the sake of convenience of reference, those sections of the 
u Hebrew Vocabularies" which contain the lists of Strong, Guttural, 
Contracted and Quiescent verbs, occurring between 25 and 5000 times are 
included in this volume. 

It was absolutely necessary to have the grammar ready by Sept. 1st. 
On this account, it was found impossible to insert the three appendices 
which belong to it, viz.: I. The Accents; II. Vav Consecutive; III. The 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW. O 

Formation of Nouns. These will be printed, at the earliest possible mo- 
ment, and will be sent free of charge to all purchasers of the grammar. 

In the work of revising the sheets and of verifying the references, 
much valuable assistance has been rendered by Mr. 0. 0. Fletcher. 

The grammar may be obtained only through The Hebrew Book 
Exchange. 

Trusting that the present edition may be received with the same 
favor as the former one, and that the unavoidable delay in issuing it will 
be excused, the author places the book in the hands of his pupils. 

Morgan Park, Sept. 1st, 1882. W. R. H. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PART FIRST- ORTHOGRAPHY. 

X. 



Page. 

1. Hebrew Alphabet 10, 11 

2. Remarks on Pronunciation 12, 13 

3. Remarks on the Letters 12, 13 

4. Classification of the Letters 12, 13 

II- "VO-WIEXjS- 

5. Vowel-Sounds 14,15 

6. Vowel-Letters . 14, 15 

7. Vowel-Signs 14, 15 

8. Coalition of Vowel-Letters and Vowel-Signs ...16, IT 

9. The Half-Vowels 16,17 

10. The Syllable-Divider (Sh^va) 16, 17 

III. POIKTTS. 

11. Daghesh-Lene 16, 17 

12. Daghesh-Forte 18, 19 

13. Mappiq and Raphe 20, 21 

14. Maqqeph 20,21 

15. Methegh 20,21 

16. Qeri and Kethibh 20, 21 

IT7". STLLABLES. 

17. Syllabication , . ..22, 23 

18. Kinds of Syllables ,. 22,23 

19. The Quantity of the Vowel in Syllables 22, 23 

20. Qamets and Qamets-Hatuph 23,23 

tt- etji=i3:oit-2- op 1 -votktxzXjS. 

21. The Hebrew Vowel-System 24,25 

22. Changes of Vowels 26,27 

23. Insertion of Vowels 26, 27 

24. Pause 28,29 

VI. ET7£ 9 HCOaT"2\ OP COlTSOlTillTTS. 

25. Assimilation 28, 29 

26. Rejection of Consonants 28, 29 

27. Addition, Transposition, Commutation 30, 31 

28. Peculiarities of Gutturals 30, 31 

29. Peculiarities of Quiescents 32, 33 

PART SECOND— ETYMOLOGY. 

"VII. PAETICljES-(l2iseparaTDle). 

30. The Article 36, 37 

31. The He Interrogative 36,37 

32. Inseparable Prepositions 36,37 

33. Vav Conj unctive ' 38, 39 



O CONTENTS. 

TTXXX. I=ZeO^TOTJ^TS. 

34. The Personal Pronoun 3S, 39 

35. The Pronominal Suffixes 38, 39 

36. The Demonstrative Pronouns 40, 41 

37. The Relative Pronoun 40, 41 

38. The Interrogative Pronouns , 40, 41 

X2C the -veee.. 

39. Roots, Classes 42, 43 

40. General View of the Strong Verb : Species 42, 43 

41. General View of the Strong Verb: Tenses and Moods 44, 45 

42. The Perfect (Qal) 46,47 

43. The Infinitives (Qal) 46,47 

44. The Imperative (Qal) 48, 49 

45. The Imperfect (Qal) 48,49 

46. The Participles (Qal) 48, 49 

47. The Niph<al Conjugation 50,51 

48. The Pi<el and Pu<al Con jugations 50,51 

49. The Hiph'il and Hoph<al Conjugations 52, 53 

50. The Hithpa'el Conjugation 52,53 

XX. "WEAS: VEEBS. 

51. Classes of Weak Verbs 54,55 

52. Verbs Pe ('£)) Guttural 54, 55 

53. Verbs Ayin ('J?) Guttural 56, 57* 

54. Verbs Lamedh (y) Guttural 56,57 

55. Verbs Pe ' Aleph (X"£J). 58, 59 

56. Verbs Pe Nun (j"£j) '. 58,59 

57. Verbs < Ayin Doubled (p'y) 60, 61 

58. Verbs Pe Yodh (""'3) 62,63 

59. Verbs 'Ayin Vav, and f Ayin Yodh 0"JV"#) 64,65 

60. Verbs Lamedh 'Aleph (K" 1 ?) 66, 67 

61. Verbs Lamedh He (IT'S) « 66, 6T 

62. Verbs wit h Suffixes 6S-70, 69-71 

63. Special Forms 70, 71 

SIX. XTOTJ-niTS. 

64. Gender, Number , 72, 73 

65. States 72, 73: 

66. Ancient Case -Endings '. 74,75 

67. Suffixes with Nouns 74, 75 

68. Stem-Changes 76,77 

69. Declensions of Masculine Nouns 78, 79 

70. Declensions of Feminine Nouns 79 

71. Irregular Nouns 80 

72. Numerals 81 

2CZZ. SEE.^E.il.TE PAETICLES. 

73. Adverbs 62, 83 

74. Prepositions 82,83 

75. Conjunctions .82, 83 



Paradigms 85-110 



Verbs occurring 25—5000 times, arranged according to their classification 111-119 



PART FIRST:-ORTHOGRAPHY. 



10 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 

1. HEBREW ALPHABET. 

[Zeph. 3:8.]! 

rrirrDJO ♦'nan p 1 ? 1 

t : •. : • - I ■• t 

if? ♦pnp dv 1 ? 2 



I 1-kbn hk-ku(v)+Ky) n4n yh-vGu 
a e a i e u e a 



) ! y( ^ 



)m qu(v)m(y) Tdh 
i e a 



o o 

3. ■{ k(y) msh-pt(y) l-'sph g(v)-ym 
i i ai e e i 

6 

4. { lqbh-ts(y) mm-l-kh(v)th 
5 i a a 

\ ° 

5. < lsh-pkh U(y)-hm it- m(y) 

( l a e e a i 

o 6 

kl hr(v)n 'p-p(y) 
a a i 

{ k(y) Vsh qn-'-th(y) 
i e e i a i 

8. 1 t-j-khl kl+h-^-rts 
(eae o a a. e 

1. la-khen hak-kii+li n'um y e ho-va(h) 

2. l e yom qu-mi l e 'adh 

3. ki mish-pa-ti le-' e soph go-yim 

4. l e qobh-tsi maru-la-khoth 

5. lisb-pokh tft le-hem za-mi 

6. kol h a ron 'ap-pi 

7. ki b e 'esh qin-'a-thi 

8. te-'a-khel kol+ha-'a-rets 



i This verse contains every letter in the alphabet, and, with a pair of exceptions, 
every sound in the language. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



11 



I. Letters. 

1. Hebrew Alphabet. 



Initial 

and 
medial. 


Final. 


Sound 
and 
sign. 


Hebrew 

name. 


Pronuncia- 
tion of 
the name. 


Signification of 
the name. 


Numerical 
value. 


K 




* 


^m 


'A-leph 


Ox 


1 


2 




b,bh 


m>2 


Beth 


House 


2 


i 




g, gh 


tys 


Gi-mel 


Camel 


3 


i 




d,dh 


^3 


Da-leth 


Door 


4 v 


n 




h 


KD 


He 


Window (?) 


5 


i 




V 


n 


Vav 


Rook 


6 


r 




z 


17- 


Za-yin 


Weapon 


7 


r? 




tt 


n^rr 


Heth 


Fence 


8 


to 




t 


rrtp 


Teth 


Serpent (?) 


9 


♦ 




y 


i'r 


Yodh 


Hand 


10 


3 


1 


k,kh 


fj'3 


Kapli 


Palm of the hand 


20 


"? 




1 


n?b 


La-medh 


Ox-goad 


30 


D 


D 


m 


D*8 


Mem 


Water 


40 


3 


I 


n 


pj 


Nun 


Fish 


50 


D 




s 


t]©D 


Sa-mekh 


Prop 


60 


^ 




< 


r« 


'A-yin 


Eye 


70 


a 


*j 


p, ph 


n? 


Pe 


Mouth 


80 


v 


r 


ts 


J" T 


Tsa-dhe. 


Fish-hook 


90 


P 




q 


ffP 


Qopli 


Back of the head 


100 


i 




r 


t^'n 


Resh 


Head 


200 


r 




s 
sh 


pi? 

p# 


Sin 
Shin 


> Tooth 


(300 


n 




t, th 


in 


Tav 


Sign or cross 


400 



12 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 
2. Remarks on I»ronunciaif ion 



2 


1 


wswn (z. 3) 


>P*lp (Z. 2) 


l^ 1 ? (Z. 2) 


DM (Z. 1> 


^m (z. 8) 


>3 (Z. 3) 


prtf?£(z.5) 


>£)X (Z. 6) 


tpK 1 ? (Z. 3) 


VKOp (Z. 7) 


1311 (Z. 1) 


rhrr (z. d 


rw (2. 5) 


b2 (Z. 6) 


fun (z. 6) 


Drr^jg (z. 5) 



4 


3 


>B£)B>'0 (Z. 3) 


tptib (Z. 3) 


■to* a. 7) 


B>'N3 (Z. 7) 


CPIO (Z, 7) 


rjfii^ 1 ? (z. 5) 


ij; 1 ? (z. 2) 


>VDp < Z - 4 ) 


3fcf# (2. 5) 


Tusup (z. 7) 


p 1 ? < z - « 


D?'U (Z. 3) 


ryw (2. 5) 


^n (z. 8) 


♦3 (Z. 3) 


n^7?d.28) 



3. Remarks on the J^etters. 



3 


2 


1 


jYiry— ♦pjwz-5,6) D»?5'i3(i-i6) 


t]£)^— p^(Z.l,5) 


P>0(Z.7) 


♦D£Jty'0 (Z.3) ^£)-n^l^(1.26) 


D'V^-'pip (Z.2) 


inn (i.2> 


^DK^-DV^Z.2,3) *pl(3,24) 


p^-D^J (Z.l) 


p 1 ? (Z.D 


♦¥5j^ij£(zi,4) ?|!rn-rrn?rr a-2) 


^6^-^^.6,3) 


DM (Z.l) 


n^(2.5)-^'N5(z.7) w\ (1.3) 


pNn-*V5(5 l ?(z.4,8) 


mnnz.i> 

T : 



4. Classification of the JL,etters. 



1 



Serviles . 






N* 


a n, 


1, 




3 


■?, 0, 


j, 


0, 


n 


Radicals . 






• •.1 


1, r, 


n, 


to, 


D 


y, sd, 


v, 


P< 


1 



Weak 



Medium 



Strong 



n, rr, \ ♦ 
k n, rr, y 

■a 0, :, 1 
r, d, v, tr 

a s 
lap 
1, n. d 



Labials a 1,0,*} 

Dentals ) 

or L...r,D,v,tr 

Sibilants ) 

Unguals . . . 1, D, *?, J, Jl 

Palatals J, Va T> 

Gutturals N, Hi Hj J/ 

O is treated as a guttural.) 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 13 

5£. Remarks on IPro'iunciation. 

1. fc$ (') is a "soft breathing, 1 ' corresponding to h in hour. 
i*7 (h) is a " rough breathing" corresponding to h in how. 

1} C) is a sound peculiar to the Semitic, and so difficult of utterance 

that no attempt is made to reproduce it 1 . 

f"T (h) is a deep guttural, pronounced like ch in German Buch. 

2. p (q) has a more forcible utterance than 3 (k). 

JO (t) and D (?) are not, in practice, distinguished from £1(0 and '&(&). 

3. Six letters have a double pronunciation 2 : *} b, 3 bh ; J| g, Jj gh ; *^ d, 
"T dh ; 3 k, 3 kh ; f) p, £) ph ; fi t, fl th. (See 11.) 

4. {J7 pointed $ is sounded sA ; pointed j£f, it is sounded 5. 

3. Remarks on tlie betters. 

1. Words are written from right to left, and may not be divided ; when 
it becomes necessary to fill out a line, certain letters are "extended:" 

fr<, h, S, cd, rv 

2. Five letters have two forms ; the second is a final form : D, *] ; 

D, D ; If; 6, *|; ¥, f • 

3. Certain letters, very similar in form, are to be carefully distinguished: 
3,3; J, J; 1,1,^; n,H,ri; V; r,|;p,0; D,D;#,¥; tf,B>. 

4. Classification of flie betters. 

1. According to their organic formation: — (1) Labials, (2) Dentals, or 
Sibilants, (3) Linguals, (4) Palatals, (5) Gutturals. 

2. According to their strength: — (1) The weak letters suffer or occasion 
many changes in the formation or inflection of words ; (2) the medium 
suffer or occasion a, few changes ; (3) the strong suffer or occasion no 
changes. 

3. According to their functions: — (1) The Serviles are used as prefixes 
and suffixes in the formation and inflection of words (see Appendix I); 
(2) The Radicals are found only in roots. 



i y had originally two sounds: (1) that of a sharp guttural (related to K, as n to 
7"0; (2) that of a vibrating palatal sound (ef. the French r). 

2 In practice, D (kh) and 3 (k), J (gh) and J (g) are not distinguished; "} (dh) is 
pronounced like th in the, f\ (th), like th in thin. 



14 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



II. Vowels. 

5. Vowel-sounds. 



Primary Vowel-sounds. A (1st class) I (2d class) U (3d class 


1. Short vowels j^ted (g f B 


1 

e 


ii 




2. Originally long vowels | ^ thongal ^ (6) 


i 
e 


u 

6 


3. Heightened or tone-long a (e) 1 


e 





4. Volatilized or tone-short, called \ 
half-vowete ) a 


e 


e 


6. Vowel-letters. 



5 


1 


3 


1 and 2 


HN^n therae 


b'ifjN ' e lohim 


*Dlp qumi 


QNp qam 


Htrj; 'ose 


»n* yin 


inn thohu 


£^JO rash 


H^j na a se 


H5 p'ri 


1j~Q1 vabhohu 


D'fcWl rashim 


fTiT yib e ye 


'G?' 1 ?^ shiishi 


mi ru(a)h 


Wna 


fYlpft miqve 


\3£) P e ne 


T)K '6r 


n^tl hay'tha 


H^H hmne 


\}£> sh«ne 


niD t6bh 


HOPD b e hema 


rbnx* 'oMo 


p ben 


DV yom 


^1p qoPkha 


n^ 3 * a so 


DIT^ ?a lehem 


Ijni 1 zar'd 


FbSH 'akhalta 



7. Yowel-signs. 



Class. 


Long-. 


Short. 


Half. 


A Class 


T 


a, a 


Qaniets 





a 

I 

e 


Pattah 


]1 


a 


Simple Sh e va 
Hateph-Pattah 


I Class 




i 
e, e 


Hireq 
Tsere 


Hireq 

Seghol 


Simple Sh e va 
Hateph-Seghol 


U Class 


c i 


u 

6, o 


Shureq 
Holem 


T 


ii 




Qibbiits 
Qamets-Hatuph 


j: 


e 




Simple Sh c va 
Hateph-Qamets 



i A diphthongal sound, difficult to classify. 
2 Gen. 12. 8. s G en. 50. 20. 



i 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 15 

II. Vowels. 

5. Vowel-sounds. 

1. The pure short vowel-sounds are primary ; the deflected are related to 
and derived from the corresponding pure : a often passing into e, and 
then into i ; e and o being equally current with l and ii. 

2. Of the originally long vowel-sounds, (1) the pure arise by duplication 
of short (a + a = a, etc.), or by coalescence of a short with its corre- 
sponding consonantal sound (i + y = i, ii + v = u); (2) the diph- 
thongal, from the combination of a with i or y, or of a with ii or v. 

3. The heightened or tone-long, originally short, arise from their prox- 
imity to the tone or accent of the word. 

4. The volatilized or tone-short, not vowels but half-vowels, are occa- 
sioned by their distance from the tone or accent of the word. 

6. Vowel-letters. 

Originally vowel-sounds were indicated only by certain feeble consonant- 
sounds, ^, ft, 1, *, hence called vowel-letters. Of these, 

1. The guttural tf indicated the guttural sound a (seldom a) when medial 
(and sometimes when final) 1 ; 

2. The guttural H indicated the guttural sound a, when final; 

3. The labial *) indicated the labial sounds u, 6 ; 

4. The palatal * indicated the palatal sounds i, e ; 

5. The letter Jf sometimes also indicated e, e, 6 when final. 

Remark 1. — A-sounds are indicated rarely when medial, and not uni- 
formly when final. 

Remark 2. — I-sounds and U-sounds are indicated generally when medial, 
alioays when final. 

Remark 3.— When medial, pure long diphthongals (e, 6) are indicated, 
but not tone-\ong (e, o). 

7. Vowel-signs. 

When the Hebrew ceased to be a spoken language this indication of the 
vowel-sounds by the- vowel-letters was insufficient ; hence arose the so- 
called Massoretic system of vowel-signs which have the following pronunci- 
ation : \ 

(a, a) as in father . ___ (a) as in hat \ ( e ) has the sound of a very 

( (i) as in machine ! (l) as in pin ; short u, like e in below. 

I (e, e) a? in they \ (e) as in pen , , ( a e °) have the same 

) (u) as in true i (ii) as input sound as , , , but are 

_ (6, o) as in note (6) as in on hurried in the pronunciation. 

Remark 1. — The Massoretic system of vowel-signs is purely phonetic. 
Remark 2. — The points are generally written beneath the letter after 
which they are pronounced, but Holem is written above its letter and 
Shureq is written in the bosom of Yav. 

iThis does not include those cases in which N loses its consonantal character and 



quiesces (see ) 



16 ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 

8. Coalition of "Vowel-letters and "Vowel-signs. 



^•1(2.7) ryiDD(2.17) M1Dn(2.13) nTwp(1.15; DNp(10.14)» 

Sjn(8.i9) pnon(3.3) Mbn(2.iD rhxoa.ie) (Dp) 
wnii) d^i^(2.25) ^'ip(3.8) t^pind.30) rrnni (8.12) 
Drin(i-2i) ddtj;(3.7) ^po.io) ^pna.26) cnni) 



9. The Half-Vowels. 



3. 


(2) 2. (1) 


1. 


"Ip'K (1.7) 
D^K'd.l) 
OH^lbd.14) 

b"f^M2.24) 

pnip 1 ? (2.23) 
bnr (2.12) 


*rn (i.3)va-y e -M n^arou-i) 

^pn? (1.15)bi-r c -qi(a)' b'IHnd-2) 

1^9 a.28)mi-i*-'ii nn^na-2) 

AH? (1.28)W-dh--gMth 1^-^(1.20) 
9i)n (2.2)va-y e -khal nh'lKpn(1.16) 

runiy (2.i5)'o-bh^-dhah D^rr(i.2i) 


rpnd.6) , 
^pS(1.15)f 

(ptr) 1 
iriipa^iM 
(pfc>>) > 
i^n^"?a.20)f 



10. The Syllable-divider, Sh«va. 



Remarks 2, 3. 


Remark 1. 


2. 


i. 


Wrvft (1-20) 


nwrQa.i) 


rjtrna.4) 


^^1(1.7) 


mp°?^ (3.5) 


I»31 (1.4) 


|m(U) 


Knp*ia.5) 


r\-bh-x (3.ii) 


DID (1.4) 


rj|?rTn(2.i4) 


yiDoa-6) 


r ^S^l (2.2) 


♦m (i.6) 


aiN) 


rripp^a-io) 


mfco-orr > 
riniN9nf (1 - 16) 


D'V d.5) 


mru) 


^ljHr d-12) 


♦Dip (Z.1) 


(n^^p) 


n^'pp>d.i6) 



11 



III. Points. 

Daghesh-lene. 



Remark 2. 


Remark 1. 




ry-ft d.28) 


"£3 te^a (1.27) 


nfi^d-u) 


jw*raa.i) 


n-ojfr (2.15) 


*td rdp> (1.27) 


^"^(1.2) 


sroa.i) 


^»k (2.n) 


nro 1m d.28) 


fP"*?Tl (1.7) 


rrrvn (1.2) 


D^N (3.5) 


D'V3 *3 (2.17) 


n^ i3(i.29) 


IPOl (1.2) 


inKrr (4.8) 


[@ 15 lifjn (3.3) 


-^hK(1.29) 

T 


rji.ro a*© 



iHosea. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 17 

8. Coalition of Vowel-letters and "Vowel-signs. 

A vowel-sound is often doubly indicated, by a vowel-letter and by a 
vowel-sign. It is in this case said to be written fully ; if indicated only 
by a vowel-sign, it is said to be written defectively. 
9. The Half-Vowels. 1 

1. The half-vowels, shortenings or remnants of earlier full vowel-sounds, 
are indicated by the so called Sh e va; this Sh e va is always pronounced, 

the simple ( .), like e in below, the compound, like an extremely 

short a, e, or o (cf. 7.). 

2. Simple Sh c va is called : 

^ (1) Initial, when it stands under a letter which belongs exclusively to 
the following syllable ; 
(2) Medial, when it stands under a letter which wavers between the 
preceding and following syllables, closing the former and beginning 
the latter (see 19. R.) 

3. Compound Sh e va, represented by the union of the simple Sh e va with a 
short vowel, stands chiefly under gutturals. 

10. The Syllable-divider, Sh^va. 
A simple Sh e va, serving merely as a syllable-divider and not pronounced, 
is also written : 

1. Under every medial vowelless 2 consonant, and 

2. Under a final vowelless consonant, 

(1) When that consonant is Kaph, or 

(2) AVhen it contains Daghesh-forte (cf. 12. 2. 1), or 

(3) When it is preceded by another vowelless consonant. 

Remark 1. — £$, pf, 1, *> when vowel-letters (see 7), or quiescent ( ) 

do not of course receive a Sh e va. 

Remark 2. — The Sh e va under an initial consonant, whether of a word or 
of a syllable, is always a half -vowel and vocal. 

Remark 3. — The Sh e va under a final consonant, whether of a word or of 
a syllable is always a syllable-divider and silent. 

III. Points. 

11. Daghesh-lene. 

The letters ^, }, *f» D, ft fi have a double sound (see 2. 3). Their 
original hard or unaspirated sound (b, g, d, k, p, t) is indicated by a point 
called Daghesh-lene, which they receive whenever they do not immediately 
follow a vowel-sound. 

Remark 1. — When a disjunctive accent stands between an aspirate 
and the preceding vowel (as at the beginning of a chapter, verse or section 
of a verse), the aspirate does not immediately follow the vowel, and 
hence takes Daghesh-lene. 

Remark 2. — The fact that an aspirate without Daghesh-lene must 
immediately follow a vowel-sound, often shows that a preceding Sh e va is 
a half- vowel, when this would not otherwise be known. 



i The half-vowels are indicated by the superior letters ( a e °) ; the simple Sh'va, 
when a half-vowel, by an italicized ( e ). 
2 1, e., without a vowel or a half- vowel. 



18 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 
12. Dagrliesli-forte. 



Remarks 1 and 2. 


1. 


mn (3.20) hav-va(h) 

T - 

JinnO (1.7) mit-ta-hath 
niDrr^rr (I -25) hab-b e he-ma(h) 

T .. . _ 

njHrr (2.17) had-da-'ath 


D^Dt^'n (!•!) hash-sha-ma-yim 

. _,- T _ . 

DVtDPT (1*7) ham-ma-yim 

-i — 

W3-V7 (1-9) hay-yab-ba-sha(h) 
j"h'K£r7 (1-16) ham-m e '6-r6th 



2. 3) 


2. 2) 


2. i) 


m^n/^niKn a-4) 


W (1.3) 


(ton) ton (2.2) 


q^l/pf) ^Q?3 < 1 - 22 ) 


B*!|2?l (2 - 3) 


gv?p WJ ( 2 - 16 > 


(*]tyn/«o fjtyr? (1.22) 


Vl?h d.24) 


(■p) ^1( 2 " 12 > 2 


(^nn/^^nn (2.14) 


rrrrpS (2.23) 


(t3-n) ^(12.8)' 


q^nn/^rj^'nrr a.4) 


fon (2.D 


(@K) DN (2.24) 



3. 2) 


3. i) 


W\K«.1D B^p* (2.3) 


Wto¥)}fe\ (2.8)(nnrrfp)nnnp a.7) 


p^(3.17) ftp* (2.1) 


cre^) ng! (2.7) (m?) nip? a-s) 


nmn (4.7) (1^(3.23) 


(tor) ^(2.2D pnjro) ^nn^i-29) 


D^|rja.2i) ^nnp (3.8) 


(npty npH2.2i)(irp-|p) 1390(8.22) 


nto(4.2i) Karjjv (3.8) 


(Dp^) Dp.H4.24) (V|J^) V3NT (2.7) 



3. 6) 



rf?K (2.4) 
nbb (4.6) 
rrin (6.2) 



3. 5) 



, rfnn (5.7) 3 

Jj^nn (29.21) 4 
)DT (33.12) 5 



3. 4) 



]2)>n (17.17)' 

ty£¥D (2.3) 2 
bhpd (i5.w 



3. 3) 



nz-nwy a.ii) 

Yrbfrjftj (2.18) 

n^rnnn 1 ? (2.23) 



iGenesis. 2Exodus, -Judges. <<Job. "-Isaiah. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 19 

12. »auliesli-forte. 

1. The doubling of a consonant is indicated by a point in its bosom, called 
Daghesh-forte. Consonants may be doubled (i. e., receive Daghesh- 
forte) only when they immediately follow a vowel ; hence 

Remark 1. — The point in Vav and in the aspirates is always Daghesh- 

forte, if preceded by a vowel. 
Remark 2. — Daghesh-forte in an aspirate serves also as Daghesh-lene, 

doubling the hard, not the soft, sound of the aspirate. 

2. Daghesh-forte is omitted 

1) always horn final consonants (except from ft of Jl^, and JirO); 

2) often from medial consonants which have only a Sh c va ; 

Remark 1. — In such cases the Daghesh-forte, though. not expressed, is 
implied, and the Sh e va is always a half-vowel. 

Remark 2. — The letters which thus reject Daghesh-forte are in the 
order of frequency of rejection, V, Dj/?, ^D,C p- (Aspirates 
may not reject it.) » 

3) always from the gutturals (see 28. 3). 

3. Daghesh-forte may be essential, i. e., necessary to the form in which it 
occurs ; it is then called 

1) Compensative, when the doubling represents (1) the combination of 
two similar or (2) the assimilation of two dissimilar letters ; 

2) Characteristic, when the doubling is indicative of a grammatical form. 

Daghesh-forte may be euphonic, i. e., employed merely for the sake 
of euphony ; it is then called 

3) Conjunctive, when the initial letter of a word is thereby joined with 
the final vowel of the preceding word ; 

4) Separative, when a consonant, with Sh e va and preceded by a short 
vowel, is doubled in order to make the Sh e va more audible ; 

5) Emphatic, when the doubling strengthens or emphasizes the final 
tone-syllable of a section or verse; 

6) Firmative, when the doubling, in the case of liquids, gives greater 
firmness to the preceding vowel. 



20 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 
13. Mappiq and Raphe. 



2. 


1. 


p^npi (4.4) d?d^ a-® 

}rrJnrn_(4.8) nrp(i.26) 

inp-n (6.2) rrr?j£> (2.23) 


WN^ (3.6) Ptf 0^(1.24) 

t • : t • : 

nay (3.6) trajfo (2.15) 
n^nr (3.15) rrw' 1 ? (2.15) 



14. Maqqeph. 



Btorta a.21) Tur>m a.5) tiNrrnN a-4) ^s-tya.2) 
Tj3-*?t^p? (3.16) tt-ijrTf(i.ii) ^N^n-n^ (1.16) -fiN-'ir a.3> 

15. Methegn. 



T i^n-f j£ "(3.2) 

f|«TTj'^5 (2.9) 

iinb-nn (4.12) 
irtrrftprr (4.15) 



3. 



^rf^ (i.i8) 
no-jNip (i.25) 

n^_(i.26) 
n'i^^_ (2.3) 

nrtb (2.23) 



n;rn d-2) 



21) 



wr\# a- 



/vh^'vi (2.4) 
D*nirD (2.4) 

t : |t • : 

>j^nn (2.14) 



n'1N- 



T#_ 



(1.3) 



^pnn d.7) 

HNpp d.9) 

DO^n (i.i6) 

0^3^(18.29) 



16. Qeri and Kethitoh. 



Remark 2. 


Remark 1. 


2. 


i. 


("Hp perpetuum) 


(Pronunciation of D , .n.3) 


O'rD) 


(^p) 


^n[ (3 - 20) 




■who 
won 


"WWE? (4.18) 

N5P0 (8 - 17) 


nW( <2 - 4) 


rnnf 




D^n (24.33) 
T¥ (27.3) 


nvt( (15 - 8) 


in 

t t : • 


to 


1} *C (30.11) 

*"Di£^ (30.18) 

T T * 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 21 

13. Mappiq and Raphe. 

1. Mappiq (p*£)!D extender) is a point in j"J, when final, and indicates that 
it is used as a consonant, and not as a vowel-letter. 

2. Raphe (Hip") rest) is a horizontal stroke placed over a letter, and calls 
attention to the absence of Daghesh or Mappiq, where these points 
might have been expected. 

14. Jtlaemepli. 

Maqqeph (ClDD binder) is a horizontal stroke placed between two 
words, and indicates that they are to be pronounced together, and accented 
as though they formed but a single word. 

Remark. — The first word losing its accent, any long vowel, in a mixed 
{18. 2) syllable, is shortened. 

15. Mtetliesh. 

Methegh Grip a bridle) is a perpendicular line placed on the left side 
of a vowel-point, and indicates that the syllable to which it belongs has a 
secondary accent. The following are its chief uses : — 

1. On the second syllable before the tone; but generally on the third, if 
the second is mixed (18. 2). 

2. With a long vowel followed by a vocal Sh e va pretonic. 

3. With all vowels before a compound Sh e va. 

4. With a long vowel before Maqqeph. 

16. Qeri and K tliitjh. 

1. Q e ri (**)p read). — A term designating marginal readings which the 
Massorites substituted for the readings of the text. 

2. K e thibh OVD written). — A term designating the readings of the 
text for which the Massorites substituted the Q e ri. 

Remark 1. — In such cases, the vowel-points given with the K e thibh are 
pronounced with the Q e ri, and in reading the K'thibh the vowels must be 
supplied. 

Remark 2. — Words always read otherwise than they are written receive 
the pointing of the Q e ri, while the marginal reading is omitted. 



22 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



IV. Syllables. 

17. Syllabication 



#>jT)(i.20) D'n-^ia) JPpTO (1,7) 
ng>N d.7) Dinnd.2) )rrra.29) 



n^-D-n-nd-2i) nts 

V T T T 

jiTayiripi (4.4) p-N-rr 



18. Kinds of Syllables. 



Remarks 3, 4. 


Remarks 1, 2. 


2. 


1. 


irW (1.20) 


D?"a(0"P)rr a.6) 


^'"39 (i-6) 


NTS (Li) 


VTp"W (3-5) 


Vrj3(jrp)? d.9) 


1*3 &.4) 


irrh (i.2> 


nfi-n; (3.7) 


tn-d (d-d) n a.16) 


SID (1.4) 


nrr-b"i d.2> 


WPT> (3.8) 


or) sn> d.22) 


yn-ro (lid 


>J3 (1.2) 


rw*-*os (i.D 


air) fi? (2.22) 


^^"-p 1 ? (1.18) 


>n? (i.3> 


&n*y£ (i.D 


n^)_(9.2D 


riTW\ (2.2) 


tfrj} (1.5) 



19. The Quantity of the Vowel in Syllables. 



Remark, 


3. 


2. 


1. 


J?p-f3 d.14) 

'irr;-r? a.24) 

nr-f 3 d-26) 

>n : ^i_ (1.3) 


fiN(i.i) 

NTS (LI) 

2T#a.5) 


rjsrg; d.2) 

Sj?-i (1.5) 

^T3P' d-6) 
nr-pp 1 ? (i.io) 


-yprrr a.4> 

^TD (1.7) 

J p3"i d-7) 
D^4V(i.i> 

J" v: 



20. Qamets and Qamets-hatuph, 



2. 2) and 3) 



Frtjne (3.ii) 
bjvk d.28) 

HiTH d.2) 

«0^ (i.2i) 



2. 1) 



NTS (i.D 

.p'N-n (i.i) 

NTp'ld.S) 
JPph d.6) 



1. 2) 



ri^nN (9.2D 
nnsm.8) 1 
(nbv?y r ii) 



i. D 



^3^(1.29) 

irrijjj (2.15) 

HTD^S(2.15) 



Exodus. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 23 

IV. Syllables. 

17. Syllabication. 

1. A word contains as many syllables as it has vowels. 

2. Pattah-furtive (see ) and the Sh e vas (half-vowels) are not suffi- 
ciently vocalic to form syllables. 

Remark. — Every syllable, except the prefix 1, begins with a consonant. 

18. Kinds of Syllables. 

Syllables are simple {open), or mixed (closed)'.— 

1. Simple, when they end in a vowel ; 

2. Mixed, when they end in a consonant. 

Remark 1. — A mixed syllable whose final consonant is the same as that 
with which the following syllable begins is termed sharpened. 

Remark 2. — A final mixed syllable sometimes ends in two consonants 
but a vowel is generally inserted (see 12. 2). 

Remark 3. — Of two consonants, with Sh e vas, in the middle of a word, the 
first belongs to the preceding, the second to the following syllable. 

Remark 4. — A syllable may, of course, begin with two consonants, the 
first of which always has a half-vowel. 

19. The Quantity of the Vowel in Syllables. 

1. The vowel of an unaccented simple syllable is long. 

2. The vowel of an unaccented mixed syllable is short. 

3. The vowel of an accented syllable, whether simple or mixed, may be 
either long or short. 

Remark. — Sometimes a consonant with medial Sh'va (see ( Q -2/3) 
hangs loosely between the preceding and following syllable, serving both 
to close the former and to open the latter. Such a syllable is termed 
half -open or intermediate*. 

20. Qamets and Qamets-hatuph, 

1. The vowel-point is Qamets-hatuph(o), 

T 

1) in an unaccented mixed syllable ; 

2) before a guttural with Hateph- Qamets, or Qamets-hatuph. 

2. It is Qamets (a or a) , 

1) in a simple syllable ; 

2) in an accented mixed syllable ; 

3) where accompanied by Methegh, and followed by a simple Sh e va, as a 
half-vowel. 



iFor a fuller treatment of the half-open syllables, see Apendix III. 



24 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



V. Euphony of Vowels. 

21. The Hebrew Vowel-system. 



pTOH (8 ' 3) temuthu ii *W1(2.19) vayyitser D*0O (2.10) rashim 
inpl&Tl (4.7) t'shuqatho #^(1.17) r e qi(aT DKD(10.14)iqam 

DHJ/W.14) mo< a dhim ?mn^(2.15) yanniheM /!£>' (4.25) shath 

"toK*l (1-3) vayyomer J'J (1.4) ben 1J (4.14) nadh 

D'rf?N (l-D ' e 16him D*t?T) (4.7) tetibh ^ (4.14) na' 



^3^ (2.1)vay'khiillu Jlflfip (1-7) mittahath ^H^na.H) habhdil 
^1^(3.19) Mqqahta fi^'J!?5(1.16) memsheleth p)tf(1.24) 'erets 



n^D^d-29) P'okhla(h) TEDi! (2.5) himtir 



♦na (2.2) 2 bitti 



3. 



)nh (1.2) thohu 
TT^'n (L4) hoshek 

^3(1.30) kol 
HS^"! (2.2) yishboth 

^DK2.21) yisgor 



n« (LI) 'eth 
b'ly] (1-7) vayyabhdel 

p/(l.ll) <ets 
t^Oh(1.26) romes 
£Hp> (2.3) y'qaddesh 



tf"D(l.l)bara 

T T 

pKn(l.l) ha'arets 
nn^H(1.2) hay'tha 

t : t 

^nild.2)vabhohu 
D*D 7(1*6) lamayim 



Dirf?J* (LI) ' e 16him nnn^(3.17) ' a rura n&fHQ (1.2) m'rahepheth 
n^N(2.18) 'e' e se \nn(4.25) h a ragho fhND(1.16) m e '6roth 

n'V»l(2.18) h e yoth DH^iO(1.14) moMhim #>pS(1.20) r e qi(a) ? 
nnp l 7(2.23) luq°ha(h) ^'^ (1-7) ' a sher ^#(1.21) shar'tsu 



Remark 4. 


Remark 3. 


Remark 2. 


Remark 1. 


riwy (lid 


m-f 3 c«, i) 


C^te (L30) 


D^'lD (2.10) 


n^.4d.26) 


^D-D'V d.5,30) 


(TiwnN (i.D 


inpwn (4.7) 


rf?#* (2.6) 


n^n (4.7) 


VTt^ d.20) 


DHj;io(i.i4) 


(nrtppn) 


^TO (L4) 


D»"TJ0O (1.14) 


-mon (2.5) 


(nrtDpn) 


K^-n^' (4.25, 1.1) 


nk>## (2.i8) 


nnp 1 ? (3.19) 



iHosea. sRuth. 



BY AN INDUCTIYE METHOD. 25 

V, Euphony of Vowels, 

21. Tlie Hebrew Vowel-system. 

A-class. I-class. U-class. 
{pure or * or ^ 

1. Originally long vowels < T 

( diphthongal. or * __ or ) 

These are represented by a i u, e o, and, excepting , are generally 

T 

written fully; they are immoveable or unchangeable, i. c, may not be 
shortened, or changed to Sh'va through the influence of the tone or 
syllabication. 

( pure. ....... 

2. Short vowels < 

( deflected __ or (o) 

T 

These are represented by a i ii, e o ; they generally stand in mixed 
syllables, in which case they are unchangeable. 

3. Heightened or tone-long . . _^ 

T 

These are represented by a e o, and are usually written defectively; 
since they are long, simply because of their proximity to the tone, their 
very existence depends upon that proximity. They may stand 

1) before the tone (in simple syllables), or 

2) under the tone (in mixed syllables). 



4. Volatilized or tone-short 

(und er gutturals)! 

These are represented by the (so-called) superior e and by a e °, and are 
only half or indistinct vowels. They occur in what would be 

1) the second or third syllable before the tone, or 

2) the fore-tone syllable (in certain grammatical forms). 

Remark 1. — Unchangeable are (1) by nature the originally long vowels 
a i u e 6j and (2) by position, the short vowels when in a mixed syllable. 

Remark 2. — Changeable are (1) the tone-long a e o, and (2) the tone- 
short or half-vowels (Sh e vas). 

Remark 3. — While e, 6 and e, o may usually be distinguished by their 
full or defective writing, a and a may be distinguished only by a knowledge 
of forms. 

Remark 4. — The vowel represented by e is of a diphthongal character ; 
it will be treated of later. 

iSee 28. 2. 



26 



ELEMENTS OF HEBIiEW 



22 


. Changes of Vowels. 


Remark. 


1. 2) 


i. i) 


IDK(DK) (2.24) 

)±> Ob) (17.17) 

Dj?*(D|?*) (4.24) 

rrjjn (pn) aa-w 


T : : I (2.2) 

;• W2.24) 


np^l (1.3) 

Btor^ (i.2i) 

T 

^■n?^_(2.24> 



2. 4) 


2. 3) 


2. 2) 


2. 1) 


D'D 1 ? d.6) 


D»rf»q (3.5) 


pNn(i-i)n*on a.9) 


•van d.i5) 


D'DtP (1-17) 

• AT T 


nbN 1 ? d.22) 


TiKna.4) rpDKi.22) 


ijnn (4.25> 

t -: 


nw (2.5) 


>jti d.6) 


J^pTT d.7) rit^l -1(4.14) 


^N (4.10) 


jnra-29) 


ana (i.D 

T T 


f#n (3.3) JOlTK (3.10) 


^nn (6.D 



Remarks 1 and 2. 



t t : 

T T 

oonn 



(12.2) 

(28.4) 

(18.14) 

(42.20) 



3. 2) 



^n)(2.i6) p# 

t>pm) (3-D ttrw 

nyto ) pt^ 

*■ wi.i4) » : ; 



(1.21) 



(1.20) 



3. 1) 



T 



(1.16) 



(20.5) 





23. insertion of Vowels. 


3. 


2. 


1. 


: " : -> (1.7) 


njn (2.9) ngrnp a.2) 
nnp (4.ii) n^pnd.2i) 


oba 1 ?) ) >m d.6) 

. v: ^ H1.22) 
^DN 1 ? ) ^plDd.14) 


injvn (4.8) 


yg^fi (4.4) m^ (4.2) 


Tf?KD ( 3 -5) mkD^(1.15) 


Wit (4.14) 


[Remark.] n0£nn?(3.24) 


nnj; 1 ? (2.5) ^p'xi.is) 


(tffl?#|> 


n#n (9.2i) [3*1(2.22) 


niiwft(2.3j nji3d.26) 


<rfrDj?n) 


13^(27.38) 2^(1.22) 


nradi.8) 1 # mo"TD(i.26) 

• t: t : ' 



Rxnilug. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 27 

22. Changes of Vowels. 

1. A tone-long vowel is changed to its (original) short, 

1) When a mixed syllable loses its accent ; 

2) When a simple syllable becomes a mixed one. 
Remark. 

is shortened to , but to in sharpened syllables. 

_j_ is shortened to . (o), but to __ in sharpened syllables. 

2. A short vowel is changed to its corresponding long, 

1) When a mixed syllable becomes a simple one ; 

2) When a following Daghesh-forte has been omitted from a guttural ; 

3) When a following (vowel-)letter quiesces in it ; 

4) When its syllable is in pause (24. 1). 

3. When a word is lengthened at the end, and the accent, in consequence, 
advanced, vowels pass over into half- vowels ; this occurs in the case of 

1) Penultimate and particularly in the inflection of nouns; 

2) Ultimate , . (e), _j_ (o), particularly in the inflection of verbs. 

Remark 1. — In many cases the vowel is entirely rejected, its absence 
being indicated by the silent Sh e va. 

Remark 2. — If the accent is advanced two syllables, both vowels may 
be changed. 

23. Insertion of Vowels. 

1. When, in inflection or composition, two half-vowels come together at 

the beginning of a word, the first becomes a short vowel, generally ; 

but if either half-vowel is a compound Sh e va, the vowel thus arising 
corresponds to it (28. 2). 

Remark. — The new syllable, thus formed, is usually the so-called inter- 
mediate or half -open syllable. 

2. When two Sh e vas come together at the end of a word, a helping-vowel 
is generally inserted, viz., _; but under gutturals, __. 

Remark. — The concurrence of two Sh e vas at the end of a word is ad- 
missible, but only when the second stands under a strong consonant 
(£0, p) or under an aspirate with Daghesh-lene. 

3. When in the middle of a wcrd a compound Sh c va comes to stand be- 
fore a simple Sh c va, the former is universally changed to its corre- 
sponding short vowel. 



28 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 
24. Pause. 



3. 


2. 


i. 


,T " l (3.11) 

T -JT 


W'3fV (2.25) 

|T 

mnw (7.ii) 

|t : * 


r?or (2.5) 

*W (2.8) 

|t t 


D*on d.2) 
Tirb d.5) 


J ' T > (3.10) 


5pOJ?3 ( g -i7) 


jn|a.29) 


DW (1.8) 


• ; t 


'^w'8 (3.n) 


V AT 


rtoa (3.iD 

T : |T T 



VI. Euphony of Consonants. 

25. Assimilation of Consonants. 



Remarks 1 and 2. 


2 and 3. 


1. 


rrrgp (4.3) 


nj2!i 


(2.15) 


nnrrjp 


/or 


nnnp a.7) 


pNn-|0 (2.6) 

' AJ3tf (74.2)3 


r?jp? 


(18.4) 
(2.21) 1 




/or 
/or 


-^D (2.2) 


Nicwo (4- 13 ) 


WO 


(7.89) 2 


ns^i 


/or 


rrgw (2.7) 


(n:n)nn (4.12) 


nnan 


(35.2) 


JflDJ*! 


/or 


]tt3*l (2.8) 


oinwnrrN (2.21) 

(fpN) q« (27.45) 


nr?N) 


(2.21) 


|at:t 


/or 

for 


D£U4.15) 

iun(3.n) 



26. 



Rejection of Consonants. 



3. 


2. 


l. 


pnpn) 


(3.3) 


CflNiY? /or) 


TIN 1 ? (1.5) 


nro (4.12) 


inion)(42.20) 

T 


('■j&rnn 1 ? M) 


^'n 1 ? (i.5) 


nrrpft) (4.id 


frwyn 


(4.15) 4 


&32TV. M) 


^!3! d.7) 


/wu) (4.7) 


wyjrs 


(19.8) 


eiixb f>r) 


^Itt"? (18.32) 


njrjw ( 2 -9) 


(d)^fi 


(1.2) 


(K¥» /or) 


N¥> (4.16) 


rrfw (4.2) 


(D)^3 


(0.2) 


0&5>'» /^) 


5W (4.16) 


ro 1 ?^) (11.31) 


(D)W 


(4.23) 


(VT1» for) 


ytv d.26) 


jriO) (20.7) 


("rwrn 


(2.10) 


(V^y for) 


#3* (2.1) 


^nJ(N) (42.11) 


rtpjanfeyj 


(1.31) 


V!?T /^) 


vrr? ( 2 -25) 


^N(O) ( 3 - 2 ) 4 



1 Ecclesiastes. 2 Numbers. 3 Psalms. 4 Exodus. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 29 

24. Pause. 

The pauses at the end of a clause or verse, indicated by the more power- 
ful accents, cause certain changes : 

1. Short vowels are lengthened ( and often , to ). 

_ '/ T 

2. Vowels changed in inflection to Sh e va are restored and, if short, 
lengthened. 

Remark. — Sh e va before the suffix T\ becomes (e). 

3. The tone is often shifted from the ultima to the penultima. 
[Other changes will be noticed later in the treatment of inflection.] 

VI. Euphony of Consonants. 

{For a general statement of the Consonant-system, see 4.) 

25. Assimilation of Consonants. 

The final consonant of a mixed syllable is often assimilated (made 
similar) to the initial consonant of the following syllable. 

This occurs 

1) chiefly with the weak consonant 3 ; but also 

2) with 7 in the verb flT^l to take, and 

3) with *) (of the relative pronoun 1&W, i"l (of the prefix PH), and 
1 in some special cases. 

Remark 1. —} is generally assimilated, but is retained in accented syl- 
lables and before the gutturals (except fl)- 

Remark 2. — Assimilation is expressed by a Daghesh-forte in the follow- 
ing consonant, which, however, is rejected from final consonants. 

26. Rejection of Consonants. 

The consonants most liable to rejection are the breathings fr$, Jf, the 
vowel-letters \ *, and the liquids 7, j : 

1. Aphaeresis, or rejection from the beginning of a word, takes place when 
a consonant, naturally feeble, is without a vowel to sustain it. 

2. Syncope, or rejection from the middle of a word, takes place when a 
consonant, naturally feeble, is preceded only by Sh e va. 

Remark 1. — The vowel of the rejected consonant is always given to the 
preceding consonant, and fr$ is often orthographically retained. 

3. Apocope, or rejection from the end of a word, takes place in the case of 

j of the verbal endings p and p , and in the case of D of the nominal 

ending Q* (* in the construct state). 



SO ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 

27. Addition, Transposition, Commutation, 



3. 2) 


3. 1) 


2. 


i. 


- T J 

- T ' 






3trn\ 



28. Peculiarities of Gutturals. 



Remark. 


1. 2) 


i. 


jpjrja.i6) 


rm (i.2) 


PTfi?5 ( 3 -7) 


"5ffi! 


c*rm) 


IPjn (1 - 6) 


Jten (2.8) 


n ^- 


(D^nfD) 


^nroa.ii) 


hdv!1 (2.9) 


nrrp 


(D'jftt) 


■jriw.29) 


^(4.25) 


n^r 


Remark 2. 


Remark 1. 


2. 


n^u (2.4) 


-noro (2.9) 

t : '-• 


iD^(2.5) D> 


i^st d.i) 


^5^(2.17) 


n?n? ^- 29) 


n^_(2.6) * 


1tP%? (1.7) 


o*rfc# (]L1) 


rpn?(8i.32) 


npn>fji(2.6) rr^a.26) 


nb^t(i.22) 


Drrrri (3.5) 


^5^(2.9) fflfcUft (2.3) 



Remark 3. 


Remark 2. 


Remark 1. 


3. 


&0*\ (1.4) 


rj^id.22) 


nzti^t? (1.2) 


parr (i.i) 


njrio d.9) 


nD"iNn(i-25) 

T T -: T 


^nrr(2.i2) 


r)'iyna.22) 


^1(3.24) 


%>pr\n d.7) 


,Tnrra.2i) 

T _ - 


jppnrt (i.7) 


t : 


^nd.22) 


frjgp) 


Tj^'nn d.4) 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 31 

27. Addition, Transposition, Commutation. 

1. The addition of a letter sometimes takes place at the beginning of a 
word to avoid harshness in pronunciation, as in the case of {^ (called 
prosthetic), in the formation of nouns. 

Remark. — The J"J used as a prefix in the formation of the Niph'al and 
Hithpa el conjugations is of a similar nature. 

2. The transposition of letters, of frequent occurrence in the province 
of the lexicon, occurs in the grammar, only in the case of fV of the 
Hithpa el of verbs when it would stand before a sibilant. 

3. The commutation of letters, of frequent occurrence in the province of 
the lexicon, occurs in the grammar, in the case of 

1) n and 0) in the Hithpa el conjugation, and 

2) 1 and *, in some verbs Pe Yodh. 

28. Peculiarities of Gutturals. 

The gutturals, beginning with the weakest are in the order of their 
strength, frf, J/, ft, H- They have in common the following peculiarities : 

1. They prefer {particularly before them) the guttural ora-vowels; hence 

1) They take __ in preference to or , likewise often instead of _ 

(e), or ^_ (o); 

2) The strong gutturals (H, IT J7) at the end of a word, when pre- 
ceded by a heterogeneous long vowel (i. e., by any long vowel 
except ) receive a Pattah called furtive, because in pronunciation 

T 

it steals in before the letter under which it is written. 
Remark. — Pattah- furtive is not counted as a vowel, and therefore does 
not form a syllable (17. 2); it disappears when the guttural ceases 
to be final. 

2. They prefer compound to simple Sh e va. 

Remark 1. — The gutturals may have simple (always silent) Sh e va, when 

they close a mixed syllable in the middle of a word. 
Remark 2. — At the beginning of a word __ is usually employed, except 

in the case of ^, which prefers ; but in the middle of a word the 

Sh e va generally corresponds to the preceding vowel. 

3. They cannot be doubled (receive Daghesh-forte). 

Remark 1. — The strong gutturals {ty, H and f7) may, however, receive 
what is termed a virtual doubling, i. e., Daghesh-forte implicitwm. 

Remark 2. — The weak gutturals ^ and *"! (see Remark 3) entirely reject 
the doubling and require in compensation the lengthening of the preceding 
vowel to its corresponding tone-long. 

Remark 3.— The letter I is treated as a guttural, in that (1) it prefers 
before it _, and (2) rejects Daghesh-forte. 



32 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 
29. Xhe Peculiarities of Quiescents. 



Remarks 1,2. 



*n*l (i.4) 
Nipn (i5.9)^ 

blX (3.12) 

n^"i(n.i2) ] 



1. 2) 



nb^ 1 ? d.22)n^'Nn/or jw'*o a.D 
D>rf?*o (3.5) QWynfor nwno (2.10) 

np^l (1.3) DTlNO/or D^nNOdl-23) 
^'-1^(18.30) mnpVor nN!ip^(15.10) 



1. 1) 



*TD (LI) 
N^fT (1.5) 
K¥ft(2.20> 

K^nd.24) 



Remark. 



inrp> hi.12) *)ixrf?for ni^(i.5) 
"wp^ ^ (i-ii) ^nriifor ^n^(i.5) 

oina)^ (i.n) ^?D>/° r ^_ (1 - 7) 
(rrnx)ink(2.3) nN"inn/or n*ona.9) 



2. 



nrp'pa^) nrvrr a.2> 

nn3^(2.i5) r\bh d.5) 

nnp^(2.i5) n^nV- 29 > 

nra(4.i2) mpD^a.io) 



Remark. 


3. 2) 


3. i) 


Tpfl >r ^in (1.6) 

|'N /or pK(H.30) 

NVV) for N^ifl (1.12) 

S^fi '/or yWf) (4.7) 


Dip for D*)pd3.17) 

)nh/or?ir7h (1.2) 
ns M n§ (lid 


n^'in/or^n( — > 
T)Tr/° r -nirK89.i) 

W/or W (1.6) 

nrn/or nyn (2.7) 



1 Deuteronomy. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 33 

29. X2ie Peculiarities of Quiescent®. 

1. K loses its consonantal power and is silent (i. e., quiesces), 

1) always at the end of a word ; 

2) often in the middle of a word, viz.: 

(1) When its vowel is given to a preceding vowelless consonant, or 

(2) When it, with a compound Sh e va, would be preceded by the cor- 
responding short vowel. 

Remark 1. — A final £$ preceded by a simple Sb e va is termed otiant. 

Remark 2. — A quiescent $$ is often elided in the middle of a word. 

2. J"7 loses its consonantal power and is silent (i. e., quiesces), only at the 
end of a word; but here always, unless it contains a Mappiq (13). 

Remark. — Elision of H occurs (1) in the case of the article after an in- 
separable preposition (32. 4); (2) in certain verbal forms after a 
preformative (41. 4); (3) when the vowels preceding and following 
liave been contracted. 

3. *) and * lose their consonantal power and are silent (i. e., quiesce), 

1) When they would stand with a silent Sh c va, after a homogeneous 
vowel ; 

2) When they would stand after a vocal Sh e va. 

Remark. — *| and \ when preceded by their homogeneous short vowels, 
contract with these into the corresponding long, u, i ; when preceded 
by _ they often contract into the corresponding diphthongal, 6, e ; and, 
in both eases, the ) and * are generally orthographically retained 1 . 

General Remark. — To aid in distinguishing when the vowel-letters 
qniesce or are silent, the following is suggested : 

1) When medial they are silent, unless followed by a vowel or Sh'va. 

2) When final, tf is always silent ; likewise jf, unless it contains 
Mappiq ; but ), only when preceded by 6 or u ; and ♦, only when pre- 
ceded by e or i. 

[The subject of the Accent will be treated in an Appendix.] 



a On 1 or ^ as the third radical of verbs TT'S, see 61. 



PART SECOND :-ETYMOLOGY. 



36 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 

VII. Particles, 

30. Xne Article. 



4, and Remark. 


3. 


2. 


i. 


inn (8.65)i 

T V 


pKJl (1.1) 


rj^nr? a .4) 


own a.i) 


prnrr(i3.i8)» 


11KH (1.4) 


Ninn(2.i2) 


D'Sil (1.2) 


onrrn a-m 

• T V 


^pnrr (i-7) 


^hn(2.i4) 


rrc^rr a.9) 

T T 


psnrr (i.w 


nira'nna.2i) 


n-^nna. 2D 


Dvrrd.i4) 


pj^rr(25.24) 4 


^nd.22) 


D^PTH (2.9) 


n^nd.14) 

t :^r - 


pyn(13.22) 3 


noiNna.25) 


nyinn(2.n) 


nnK?nd.i6) 


rrfron a-i9) 3 


f^n(i.29) 


rnr?r?(3.24) 


D^'ijna.i6) 


rrwn a-22) 3 

t : - 


^5*in(2.i4) 




DOJi3rra.i6) 

' T _ 



31. He Interrogative. 



Remarks. 



gwK — ) 
njvrrrr a.2)« 

a^'rrn(24.5) 



DJT?nn(3i.i5)» 

Tj^KH (2.7)3 

nruvrr (7-5) 5 



2. 



Dn^Til (29.5) 
D^PH(30.15) 

n^on(B4.3D 



1. 



f)5n90 (3,11) 
TDfefrj (4 - 9) 

Ny^n(41.38) 



32. Inseparable Prepositions. 



Remarks. 


4, 5. 


2, 3. 


i. 


pNH-fP (2.6) 


niN 1 ? (i.5) 


JpjTQ d.i4) 


nW)3 (i.i) 


nnno a-7) 


-j^'rf? d.5) 


rhwtf? (i.i5) 


rpro (i.6) 


DIpP (2.8) 


^'p^ (1.7) 


^tr'p 1 ? d.i8) 


irp^d.ii) 


b%tj d-7) 


01*5(1.18) 


wmro d.26) 


yran^V) 


PWO (2.23) 


0^ (1.6) 


IDN 1 ?) 


nh^a.i4) 


^1X^(18.30) 


DD^l.29) 


^r 22) 


t^ 1 ? ( 2 - 7 ) 


D'rfrao (3.5) 


n^l^(3.22) 


rfliwft (2.3) 


^3^6(2.10) 


rfin^ (4.3) 

T T 


nnp^d.iD 


nh& (2.5) 


n-pj^.is) 



Kings. 2 Numbers. 3 Exodus. 4 l Samuel. - r > 2 Samuel. 6 Joel. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 37 

VII. Particles. 

30. Tl*e Article. 

1. The primary form of the Article is j"J accompanied by Daghesh- 
forte in the following letter 1 -ft 

2. Before the strong gutturals T\ and H, which may be doubled by im- 
plication (28. 3. R. 1), it becomes Jl 

3. Before the weak gutturals tf, "\ and (generally before) ty, which 
cannot be doubled (28. 3. R. 2), it becomes H 

T 

4. Always before ff, and before an unaccented j~f or V, it becomes ... f7 

Remark 1. — Tlie Daghesh-forte of the Article may, of course, be omitted 
from vowelless consonants (12. 2. 2) ). 

Remark 2. — V*)^ earth, *")f7 mountain, and 0^/ people lengthen their 
vowel after the Article. 

Remark B. — The j"T of the Article is elided after the prepositions i 
3) Di *7 (b ut w °£ after fp), the vowel being given to the preposition. 

31. He interrogative. 

1. He, used as an interrogative particle, is usually pointed ff 

2. Before a vowelless consonant, it becomes (23. 1) J7 

3. Before a guttural, it becomes J7 

4. Before a guttural with , it becomes H 

T 

Remark. — The new syllable thus formed is intermediate, and a following 
Sh e va is always vocal, a Daghesh-forte separative (12. 3. 4) ) being some- 
times employed. 

32. Inseparable Prepositionsi. 

1. The Inseparable prepositions Q in, 3 like, ^ to) are usually pre- 
fixed with vocal Sh e va 

2. Before consonants with simple Sh e va, they receive (23. 1) 

3. Before gutturals with compound Sh e va, they receive (23. 1) the 
corresponding short vowel , , or . (o). 

4. Before the article, they take its vowel, the H being rejected. 

5. Before a tone-syllable, they often take a pretonic 

T 

Remark 1. — Vfofrom is written separately only before the article ; else- 
where it is prefixed, and pointed (1) regularly, •'Q ; (2) before vowelless con- 
sonants and strong gutturals (J7, ft), D i (3) before weak gutturals 

Remark 2.— The initial tf of "i$*]H Lord, and DTfrtf «od, preceded 

t — : ■ v: 

by an inseparable preposition, quiesces in , and _ respectively. 

Remark 3.--ff|j-p receives the pointing of tfltf, e. g., H'ln^i I7W3. 



i The original form of the Article was Sn, as seen in the Arabic al. 



38 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 
33. Vav Conjunctive. 



4. 


3. 


2. 


1. 


VD} (L2) 

#£111(1.24) 

^ T T 


(♦eyjnj 
(ntfl) 


iT)J?0^(i.lO) P31 (1.4) 

rrbf?'^ (i.27) iK^a.22) 

bSl(i.22) ^55(1.26) 


pNrrY(i.2) 

D?D^'i(2.4) 



VIII- Pronouns. 

34. The Personal Pronoun. 



Singular. 



1. com 



m 

/ 

m 



>:m ^ / 

nn£....'. ) 

$kvw,forwx)\ thou 

Nirt • ^e, a 

^nm «&*,** 



Plural. 



1. com. \ UPON, Um, UN i." . .we 



m. DJ^IK 

/. ffiK, ntfiN 

™<. on, nsn 

/■ frr, ran 



,?/e 



£Ae?/ 



Singular. 


Plural. 


OiN Dh*# >p (3.io) 


^rf^D'nNDWN (i 3 -8) 


£}K'«nb#r? (4.9) 


ura nriK ^ar'jn (42. id 


nm i)ix (3.14) 


DnKD^ip < 42 - 9 > 


han nay »s (3.19) 

T - T *T 


IQjrt.njiiNi (31.6) 


33DH W.1 (2.1D 


DH D>87# *5 ( 3 - 7 > 


dk rtrvn *o?V3 <«.20) 

t : |t • 


on^n rron («.4> 



35. The Pronominal Suffixes. 



Singular. 



1. com. * 



3. 



in 



Plural. 



Dp 
P 

d, or on 



Singular 
with HK,sigD of def . obj. 



1. com 



if- 

m 



ink 
nm 



Plural 
with resign of def. obj. 



una 

wanting. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 39 

33. Vay Conjunctive. 

1. Vav Conjunctive is regularly prefixed with vocal Sh e va ........... 

2. Before labials and vowelless consonants it quiesces in ^] 

3. Before gutturals with compound Sh"va, it receives the correspond- 
ing short vowel , , or (o). 

T 

4. Before a tone- syllable, it often takes a pretonic . 

VIII. Pronouns. 

34. The Personal Pronoun. 

See Paradigm A. 

The forms of the Personal Pronoun are used only as Nominatives. 
They cannot stand after verbs or prepositions. 

1. In the Jirst person singular ^itf, in pause OJJ^, occurs less seldom 
than *3fc$, in pause ^frt 

■ — : • jt 

In the first person plural, !) jf"OK is most frequent, )}# occurring but 
once, and ^fO six times. 

: -i - 

Reiuark. — All forms of the first person are of common gender. 

2. In the second person singular, the masc. ftftfo is f° r an original 

T - 

nf"OK ; the fern. j"lK (att) is for an original *£"0K, contracted to *£ltf 

T : - : - • : - • " Q 

y which form occurs in the K e thibh seven times. - 

In the second person plural, the masc. DriN is for D^JlN (P 1 *- the form 
of the term. 'Qft before suffixes) ; the /cm. ]fttf for 1)fttf occurs but 
once, and nUJlK but four times. 

3. In the third person singular, the masc. ffitl stands in the Pentateuch 
for the fern. Wft, except in eleven instances, but in such cases it was 

pointed by the Massorites JOH- 

In the third person plural, QH and |PT are related to frOj"f and Wft, 

as d^k to rrnx. 

.. - T _ 

Remark.— The ft , probably originally demonstrative, has lost its force. 

35. The Pronominal Suffixes. 

See Paradigm A. 

When a pronoun is to be governed by a noun, verb or preposition, not 
the full, but a shortened form must be employed. These are termed 
suffixes, and indicate the various case-relations. 

Remark 1. — When a pronominal suffix belongs to a verb, the suffix may 
either be attached to the verb, or stand after it, in connection with jlfo 
the sign of the definite object. 

Remark 2.- — In the second person, sing, and plur., the palatal (&-) 
sound is substituted for the lingual (t-) sound. 

Remark 3. — The suffixes Q^J, rp, 'Qft and Vft always take the accent 
and are termed grave ; the rest are light. 

Remark 4. — * (1st pers.) is used with nouns ; ^ with verbs. OPT and 1ft 
are used with verbs and plural nouns, Q and f with singular nouns. 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 
36. The Demonstrative Pronouns. 



Singular. 



M. J7f this 
F. r\tf\ this 



Plural. 



rilXfrti) these 



Singular. 



M. N1H that 
F. K\1 that 



Plural. 



D(l or HDJl ^ose 

T -1" 

\T\or tl^tl those 



n^jjnNrno(3.i3) 


-i£jd nr (5.D 


m^nrf?** (2.4) 


n^j?n n#N rrn (6.15) 


Kino pjstn nn_n (2.12) 


njn d'V3 < 7 - n > 


•• T • T _ 


D#arr nxr (2.23) 



37. The Relative Pronoun. 



*1&5^ w>A<o, which; in the later books 1 written • {£?, sometimes •££?; 



anjn D^n^'jsp.ii) 
fi : n5 iVn^d.29) 



rrfrj; n?r'K(2.2) 
ani nete(2.3) 

*w 1^(2.8) 



TT 'tr'unr n^'K(i.n> 



38. The interrogative Pronouns. 



>£ who? 



HD what- 



2. 4) 



n^jrnp^-io) 
(n^-mj) 
(^nn-nD) 



2. 3) 



(n>N no) 

(DjyfrgflD) 



2. 2) 



TiN^n nD(8i.36) 
(MrrrrD) 
(narr-no) 



2. i) 



*qj7>-nD(2.i9) 

n^rno(B.i3) 

to^'-n^)(3.i3)* 



Eccl., Sam., Canticles, s Ex. 



BY A~N INDtCTIVE METHOD. 41 

36. The Demonstrative Pronoun. 

1. The form JlNf (zoth) is for J"lNfr» i« e -> Kf with fem. ending J"). 

T T 

2. The form 7K occurs only eight times, and then always in the Penta- 
teuch and with the Article. 

3. The forms 7^ and H/K are plural in signification, not inform. 

4. Rarer and stronger forms are Hf xH ( m -) yonder, ^rpH (f-), \?tl ( c -)- 

5. The Personal pronouns, of the third person, are used as remote demon- 
stratives. 

6. *|f is found in poetry, but generally as a Relative. 

37. The Relative Pronoun. 

1. The relative does not va^ for gender or number. 

2. In the later books, the form •£? is often used, ^) having been assimi- 
lated, and J^ rejected. 

3. When the Relative is immediately preceded by a preposition, the pre- 
position governs not the Relative but its antecedent understood. 

4. When the Relative is to be governed by a noun, verb, or preposition, 
it stands unchanged at the beginning of its clause, and the appropriate 
pronominal suffix is attached to the governing word. 

38. The Interrogative Pronouns. 

1. The Interrogative *£ refers to persons, j"f£D to things. Both are inde- 

T 

clinable, the former unchangeable. 

2. The vowel of }7D is influenced by the initial consonant of the follow- 
ing word : 

1) Before strong consonants it is pointed "HD 

2) Before strong gutturals (ff and f"|) it is HD 

3) Before weak gutturals (&$, % and j/) it is pf£) 

4) Before gutturals with , it is fjft 

Remark 1.— The Daghesh-forte of -ftp is conjunctive (12. 3. 3)). 
Remark 2. — TJnder certain circumstances, J7ft and jfft are found be- 

T 

fore other letters than gutturals. 



42 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



IX. The Verb. 

39. Roots, Classes, 



1. 



np3/^mn:np|)n (3.7) 
rpn/rom r^nnp (3.8) 

yt2Wfrom fij;OB>"(8.17) 



iPD/rom^Opn(2.5) 

r?j5fiyiw» inp^(3.5) 



$D% he created (1.1) 

T T 

j"0^'Ae rested (2.3) 

- T 

mb he took (2.22) 



2. 4) 


2. 3) 


2. 2) 


2. 1) 


nr (2.7) 

- T 


fJTO (1.17) 


rtfj; (2.24) 


ro# (2.3) 


N¥»(2.10) 


^: (3.11) 


nn (4.8) 


p?^ (2.24) 


m'o (3.4) 


^ (4.6) 


t]rn d.2) 


*?t?'D (1.18) 


D^ (2.8) 


»rr (3.22) 


tp3 (1.22) 


^"D d.4) 


103 (1.1) 


120 (2.11) 


rbw (3.22) 


bhj? (2.3) 


ri&% a.n) 


^fl (4.26) 


jnrd-n) 


"W (2.15) 

- T 



40. General View of the Perfect Verb: Species. 



(7) 
Hithpa'el. 



(6) 



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1) 



Hoph'al. Hiph'il. Pu'al. Pfel. Niph'al. Qal. 



■ptppnn bvpn yppn ^Dp ^p 'rapa top 

^bpflh ^copn ^cppn ^bp ^bp ^bprr^Dp 

^tppnn topn ^ppn ^ap top topn top 

toPHi! wanting topH wanting top topH top 

■?BpiT! top* 'top! top' top' top* ^bp! 

topnp ^epo topp top 

top?? topp top.? ^ItOp 



Mood 

or 
Tense. 



Perfect 

(3 masc. sg.). 

Inlinitive 
Absolute. 

Infinitive 
Construct. 



Imperative. 



Imperfect 
(3 masc. sg.). 

Participle 
Active. 



Participle 
Passive. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 43 

IX. The Verb. 

39. Roots, Classes. 

1. The root of a verb consists of three letters termed radicals (4. 3. (2) ), 
and is generally pronounced with the vowels of the 3 pers. sing, of 
the past tense. 

2. The class of a verb is indicated by the character of the consonants 
which compose its root : 

1) Strong verbs have only strong (4. 2. (3) ) consonants. (All other 
verbs are, in distinction, called iveah.) 

2) Guttural verbs have as one of their radicals a guttural. 

3) Contracted verbs have a radical, which may be assimilated or con- 
tracted. 

4) Quiescent verbs have as one of their radicals a vowel-letter. 

40. General View of the Strong: Verb: Species. 

1. From the root, by the addition of letters, the variation of vowels and 
the reduplication of radicals are formed seven so-called species or 
conjugations : 

1) Qal ftp) Simple Active, ^£Qp he uiua. [wasuiied. 

2) Niph'al (^J^L?) Reflexive & Passive, ^IQp} he timed himself or 

3) Pi'el dltfB) Intensive Active, ^Qp he massacred. 

4) Pif al w}?Q) Intensive Passive, ^t3p he wa * massacred, 

5) Hiph'il (!?*]?&n) Causative Active, ^tOpH he caused to mil 

6) Hoph'al frjf&tl) Causative Passive, ^DpH he was caused to Mil. 

7) Hit.hpa'el( l ?37£)nn) Reflexive, ^^pilH he killed himself. 

2. These species or conjugations are characterized as follows : 

1) The Qal has merely the simple root-form. 

2) The Mph'al has the characteristic prefix J, in the Perfect and 
Participle, but in all other forms (except in some cases of the In- 
finitive Absolute), a Daghesh-forte in and a pretonic Qamets under 
the first radical. 

3) The Pf el has everywhere Daghesh-forte in the second radical ; and 
its characteristic vowels are _ (in the Perfect, attenuated to ___) 
under the first, and under the second radical. 

4) The Pii'al has everywhere Daghesh-forte in the second radical, and 
instead of _ and of the Pfel, _ and __. 

5) The Hiph'il has the prefix H (in the Perfect, H), of which jf is 
elided after a preformative. The second radical has, as a charac- 
teristic vowel, * . 

6) The Hoph al has the prefix H (ho), of which j"J is elided after a pre- 

T 

formative. 

7) The Hithpael has the prefixed syllable fill, together with, the 
Daghesh-forte characteristic and vowels of the Pi'el. 



44 



ELEMENTS OF HEBKEW 



41. General View of tlie Perfect Verb: Tense and Mood. 



Participles. 


Imperfects. 


Imperatives. 


Inf's 
Construct. 


Inf's 
Absolute. 


Perfects. 


b^ftbQp 


■ ^bjT! 


bbfi 


Vbp 


Hicop 


^P 


bsp) 


^ 


bvpn 


^ppn 


bbpn 


^PpJ 


^Ppft 


^W: 


*?Pp 


^Pp 


bbp 


^P 


^P? 


b®p] 


wanting 


^^p 


btop 


b®\> 


^PpP 


^Pp! 


"'Ppn 


^Ppn 


^PpD. 


ypprr 


^COpD 


^p: 


wanting 


btDpn 


^Ppn 


^pprr 


bQpnn 


^pprv 


^^pnrr 


'rpprn 


^p/irr 


tepixr 



Participles. 


Imperfects. 


Inf's and Imv's. 


Perfects. 


frfih d-26) 


J"QB^ (2.2) 


VSX (2.16) 

T 


D.3^' (2.3) 


K5P (2.10) 


"Up? (2.21) 


bwn (i.i8) 


*np (2.8) 


M'D (2.1D 


-^'P! (3.16) 


"10^ (3.24) 


Pip 1 ? (2.22) 


T^h (2.14) 


ins* (2.10) 

•• T • 


tflfcO (4.13) 


pyj (2.24) 


nny (4.2) 


JOj£ (2.23) 


Khp (4.26) 


*inp&) (3.5) 


p'-l (4.7) 


n^v (4.i8) 


*03 (5.1) 


(&rrp) 


nnx (3.14) 


^p! ( 2 -3) 


man (2.4) 

.. T . 


Hp 1 ? (3.23) 


^30 (1.6) 


"Tjy (1.4) 


(t^p) 


I 1 ?.' (4.26) 


j;n?pa.n) 


tfjfrj (3.21) 


^H5T1 (1.18) 


nnppri (2.5) 


nwo < 6 - 14 ) 


p^> (3.24) 


b*$PtJ (3.6) 


##n (3.13) 


TJ^HTO (3.8) 


N?nn^ (3.8) 


6^'pn) 


n^rr(3.ii) 


njf nTO (3.24) 


ny^n? (6.6) 


fts^pnrr) 


-rfinnn (6.9) 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 45 

41. General View of the Verb: Tenses and Moods. 

1. The Hebrew verb has the following tenses and moods : 

1) A Perfect, designating-that which is finished, complete ; 

2) An Imperfect, designating that which is unfinished, incomplete ; 

3) Two Infinitives, Absolute and Construct ; 

4) An Imperative, of which only the second person occurs ; 

5) Participles — two, active and passive, in the Qal ; one in each of the 
remaining species. 

Remark 1. — These moods and tenses are found in all the species, except 
that the pure passives, Pifal and Hoph'al, have no Imperative. 

Remark 2. — The Perfect and Imperfect are to be regarded as tenses of 
an Indicative mood. 

2. The Tenses and Moods are characterized as follows : 

1) The Perfect (3 m. sg.) of the Qal is the root of the verb ; the other 
Perfects (3 m. sg.) are the stems of their respective species. 

2) The Infinitive Absolute differs from the Perfect, in that 

(1) The second radical has ( ) in the Hiph'il and Hoph/al, but (_j_) 

the other species, while 

(2) The original vowel ( ) is restored in the penult of the Pi'el 

and Hiph'il. 

Remark. — The regular form of the Niph'al Infinitive Absolute is, e. g., 
/tOp-3 ; the more common form however is 7bpn, of which the j"| 



' >J i ljli " liiuitj uuiumuii luiiu uuwKvei is /LJ 



IS 



prosthetic (i. e. prefixed to assist in the pronunciation, see 27. 1); the 
_ is pretonic, and the Daghesh-forte in p is the result of the assimi- 
lation of the characteristic %. 

3) The Infinitive Construct is a shortened form of the Infinitive 
Absolute : 

(1) In the Qal, the pretonic is dropped ; 

T 

(2) In the Nrph'al, the vowel of the ultima, instead of (_j_), is . ) ; 

(3) In the remaining species, the vowel of the ultima is the same 
as that of the corresponding Perfect. 

4) The Imperative is the same as the Infinitive Construct, except in 
the Hiphil (2 m. sg.), where it is the same as the Infinitive Absolute. 

5) The Imperfect is the same as the Infinitive Construct, with the 
addition of the necessar} 7 indications of gender, number, and person. 

Remark.— The initial pf of the Infinitive Construct is of course elided 
after a prefix. 

6) The Participles are nominal forms : 

(1) The Qal having the forms ^D'1p, ^ItOp I 

(2) The Niph'al being a lengthened form of the Perfect ; while 

(3) The remaining species have the stem-form with the prefix 12, 
the ultimate vowel of the stem, if short, being lengthened, and 
the initial pi being rejected. 



46 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 





42. The Perfect 

Tabular View. 


(Qal). 








Analysis. 


Instances. 


Form. 


Gen. Num. 
Per. 


The simple root-form. 


rot? (2.3) 

_ T 


^m 




Sg. 3 m. 


H _ (orig. r\ — ] ), regular 


rum (3.12) 


rrtop 




3/. 


fern, ending. 
HV, fragment of nflN thou 

T T ~ 


ntaa (3.i8) 

t : J- t 


fitop 

t : -i-Jt 




2 m. 


(mj. 
ft 3 , fragment of flK (att), 


npnva8.i5) 


ntop 




2/. 


thou (f). 










**V\ (f° r *3)« fragment of 


>ruw' ( 3 - 9 ) 


*fl top- 




lc. 


♦DJN,/. 










^ (orig. D1), regular plur. 


imp (i.2i) 


itop 




PI. 3 c. 


ending. 
DO, fragment of DDN 2/e 


on M n (3.5) 


Dfltop 




2 m. 


(m.). 
|P, fragment of ffitf ye (f). 


(?n»rr) 

1 jv • : 


fe r«j? 




2/. 


13 1 fragment of ^CON we. 




Utop 


1 


lc. 




Remark 3. 


Remarks 1 and 2. 


#e w;as, or has he- ^1J|(26. 13) 

come (is) great T 
-He was, or Aas oe- *"OD(12.10) 

come (is) heavy " T 
jHe was, or Aas 6e- |pf(18.12) 

come {is) old ' " T 
.He was, or Aas 6e- ^(32.26) 

come (is) ao?e T 
/was, or Aatw oe- >r0bp(32.11) 

come {am) little ' : J ,T 


^bp 

t : ||t 

r^bp 

t : J |t 


nStop 

x : j-Jt 

D^.^P 
W top 


-TOR 

*>?P t 

ntop 

x : j-|t 


So. 3 m. 

3/. 

2 m. 
PL 2 m. 

lc. 


43. The Infinitives (Qal). 


6. 


5. 


4. 


3. 


1 and 2. 


^5»(2.17) 


rn:ij;(2.i5) L 


>#o!xi.i8) 


7bK(2.10) 


^'ICDp Inl 


r. Absolute 


D^^^ (3.5) 


nnoty(2.i5) * 

t : t 


-\bu 


^(3.24) L 


T 


K37.8) 


^Pp T 


Inf, 


Construct 



i The original fl __ is still used before suffixes and in verbs H"S (61). 

2 Seldom written Jifl, cf. H^nj (3. 12). 

3 Sometimes T\, always so before suffixes. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 47 

42. The Perfect (Qal). 
Notes on the Tabular View. 

1. The inflection of the verb exhibits distinctions for number, person and 
gender. Special forms for the feminine occur in the 2 and 3 pers. 
sg. and 2 pers. plur. 

2. The Perf. 3 m. sg. C?tQp, he killed)is the stem to which are appended 
the pronominal fragments and signs which mark gender and number. 
The Perfect has no prefixes. 

3. Before vowel-additions, the tone-syllable becomes a half-vowel, i. e., 
vocal Sh e va (9. 1) . 

4. The grave suffixes OF) Ye (m.) and ?£) Ye (f .) always receive the tone, 
and,in consequence of this change, the tone-long vowel of the first syl- 
lable becomes Sh e va (21. 3). 

5. Before additions with initial consonant the accent or tone is always 
on the penult, except in the case of the grave suffixes just mentioned. 

Remark 1. — Most verbs have ( ) as the vowel of the second radical in 

the Qal Perf. 3 m. sg.; but many verbs have ( ) instead of (__); while a 

few have (_0. The first are termed Middle A, the second Middle E, the 
third Middle 0. 

Remark 2.— Verbs Middle E retain e only in the 3 m. sg., and some- 
times in pause, but verbs Middle retain o throughout the Perfect, 
shortened to o, however, in the 2 plur. 

Remark 3. — While verbs Middle A are for the most part transitive, 
those Middle E and Middle (and also a few of those Middle A) are in- 
transitive. The latter are generally termed Statives 1 , and their Perfects are 
usually best rendered by the English Present. 

43. The Infinitives (Qal). 
Notes on the Tabular View. 

1. The Construct is merely a shortening of the Absolute. 

2. ) or _j_ of the Absolute is (6) unchangeable (21. 1); _^_ of the Construct 
is (o) changeable (21. 3). 

3. The Absolute is used chiefly as an adverbial accusative. 

4. It is only to the Construct that prepositions may be prefixed. 

5. It is only to the Construct that pronominal suffixes may be appended, 
and these suffixes may be either the subject or object of the Infinitive. 

6. Before voweZ-additions the characteristic o is given to the first radical 
and shortened to o (in an intermediate syllable). Before suffixes of 
the second person, the o, though retained with the second radical, 
is shortened to o. 



i Stative verbs are those " which express (1) a bodily or physical state, as to be 
great, deep, old; (2) an affection of the mind or act of the senses (except sight), as to 
mourn, rejoice, hate, hear; (3) actions intransitive, or actions in which the reflex influ- 
ence of the action upon the subject is very prominent, as to die, approach, wear, hew 
wood." 



48 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



44. The Imperative (££al). 
Tabular View. 



5. 


4. 


1—3. 




^£(1.22) 


btQp 


kill thou (m.) (Q'tol) ^bp 


£#. 2 m. 


(T?) ^3(1.28) 


*>9p 


kill thou (f.) (Qit'li) ^COp 


2/ 


[#££>(4.23) 


V^fDp 


^zVZ ye (m.) (Qit e lu) 1 ^Dp 


PZ. 2 m; 


Cf. f*Op(2.20) 


fu *ppp 


hillye{t) (Q'tolna) fi3 *?bp 

t : j |: 


2/. 



45. Tlie 


Imperfect (Qal). 






Tabular View. 






Analysis. 


Imperfect 
with a. 


Imperfect 
with o. 


G-en. Num. 
Per. 


*>, euphonic change for *) 


top* 


bbp 4 * 


Sg. 3 on. 


of wn. 


- V • 


j |: 




jH? regular sign of the fem- 


bvpn 


topn 


3/ 


inine. 


- |: 


J|: 




FV a fragment of rTfiK- 

T ~ 


■?0p"fl 


topn 


2 m. 


^ j fragments of >fiN OlN) 


\^p ft 


'.top fl 


2/ 


^j a fragment of *D^tf. 

T 


top at 


tops* 


lc. 


\ reg. plur. end. added to 


itop* 


^1 *?CDp * 


PZ. 3 m. 


3 m. sg. 


: |: • 


j : J: • 




f|3> fragment of n^H, added 


ro ^Dp n 


rti top n 


3/. 


T to 3 f. sg. 


t : j- |: • 


x : j | : • 




), reg. plur. end. added to 


i^Dpn 


itopn 


2 m, 


2 m. sg. 


: 1: • 


J : |: 




i!3» fra^m ent of JlJfiK, ad- 


ru top n 


ro top n 


2/. 


T ded to 2 f. sg. T " " 


t : j-|: • 


t : -i | : 




3, fragment of *0f"0& 


^DpJ) 


^p^ 


lc. 




-|: 


j.|: • 







46. Tlie 


Participles 

Tabular View. 


(Qal). 




1- 


-4. 


Participle 
Passive. 


Participle 
Active. 


Glen, and 
Num. 


h^Dh(1.21) 


t^na.26) 


*Dj2 


to'ip 


Sg. m. 


♦NVb(4.14) 

DWk(4.lO) 


*W(2.10) 

a5b(2.ii) 


n^pp 


fito'lp? 
nto'ipi 


/• 


nnN(8.i7> 


r|bh(2.i4) 


D^lfiDp 


D'toip 


Pl.m. 


rmiK(3.i7) 

t _ : 


nay (4.2) 


tffrra>p 


rnto'ip 


/• 



i Exodus. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 49 

44. The imperative (Q»l) 
Notes on the Tabular View, 

1. The Imperative is used only of the second person. 

2. The Imperative like the Perfect has no prefixes, but has the same 

terminations (* , ) and JlJ) as the Imperfect (45). 

■ • T 

3. The ( ) in the 2 /. sg. and 2 m. pi. arises from a Sh e va, and the 

syllable is half open or intermediate, the Sh'va being a half-vowel and 
vocal (23. 1). 

4. Verbs Middle E (42. R. 1) and many (intransitive) verbs Middle A take 
( ) instead of (_l_) in the Imperative. 

5. The H — of tne termination H^ is sometimes dropped ; at times also 

T T 

H3 is written J. 

45. The Imperfect (Qal). 
Notes on the Tabular View. 

1. The Imperfect haspre-fixes as well as sw/-fixes. 

2. Verbs Middle A (transitives) have o as the characteristic vowel of the 
Imperfect ; but verbs Middle E and Middle 0, and some verbs Middle A 
(Statives) have a instead. 

3. Verbs which have a in the Imperfect, have it also in the Imperative 
(44.4). 

4. Before vowel-additions the characteristic vowel (o or a) is changed to 
a half-vowel (cf. 42. 3). 

5. p, the longer form of the termination \, is frequently employed in its 
place, while ffJ is not seldom written J. 

T tI 

6. The ( ) (e), under the preformative tf, may be explained by the fact 

that ft seems, everywhere, to have a preference for that sound. 

7. The Imperfect must not be regarded as the equivalent of the English 
future. It represents an action or event as unfinished, continued, 
whether in the past, present or future. It is, of course, most 
frequently employed in reference to future events, but not always so. 

46. Tlie Participles (Qal). 
Notes on the Tabular View. 

1. The Qal has two Participles, but of these the Passive is probably a 
remnant of a lost passive conjugation. 

2. In the Active \ often written defectively (_0, is unchangeable (6); (_) 
(e) before vowel-additions is rejected. 

3. In the Passive ( ) is tone-long (a) and therefore changeable ; "] (u) is 

unchangeable. 

4. Participles are nominal forms and are inflected like nouns. 
Remark. — Verbs Middle E and have instead of *?t?'1p, a form similar 

to that of their Perfect, ^tDp or ^fcp. 



50 



ELEMENTS -OF HEBREW 



47. The BJiplral Conjugation. 

See Paradigm B. 



3. 1 


2. 


i. 


*CrBO And Ihid my- 


'bwn 


iimp) 


^COpJPerf. 


self (3.10) 








Dm 4 *') And he grieved 


£>mn 


ftropj 


^bpHInf. Abs. 


himself (6.6) 








tntf It shall be 


^i?'i 


ri>vp$ 


^tOpH Inf« Const. 


called (2.23) 








*U"lDK 1 shall be hid- 


'W.l 


vbbpz 


^Dprrimv. 


den (4.14) 








DK*Dr"Q In their being 


^0} 


QriWl 


^p'linpf. 


created , (2.4) 


I 






inpfiJl And they shall 


topNJ 


lri?®p) 


^Op^Part. 


be opened .... (3.5) 









48. The I*i<el and Pual Conjugations. 

See Paradigm B. 



2. 


1. 




tsfTjr (2.3) 


n^p 


rf?cpp 


^p 


^p 


Perf. 


nn)n^^'H3.23) 


n^p 


rfybp 


^bp 


^bp. 


Inf. Abs. 


Hp^B.23) 


*rfmp 


>rtep 


^P 


^p 


Inf. Const. 


ftprj5^(8.19) 


top! 


Dfltop 




^p 


Imy. 


1^(4.26) 


^Ttppri 


^Dp 


^bp* 


^p* 


Impf. 


n^ (6.i) 


L ;Dp^j 


^Elpfl 


^p3 


^pp 


Part. 



3. 4) 



Pipy ^e i^as taken 
(3.23) 

1 /D*1 awcZ they were 
completed^ A) 

1*77* £Ae?/ were from 



3. 3) 



1^ dust 

[rO ac^ as priest 
£H£> root 



(G.DW'IW uproot I 



3. 2) 



1D^ perish 
13^ destroy 

fc^'lp sanctify 



3. l) s 



pny ?«w^ ) 

wl*!") pursue C 



1 cl also -p3 , . (2.10), rwnpsfl (3.7), ibv (4.i8), nn^ri (6.11), xSon (6.11). 

a It is not thought necessary to cite the verses in which these words occur. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 51 

47. The Biiplial Conjugation. 

1. Synopsis : 

1) J, assimilated and represented by Daghesh-forte in the Inf s., Impf., 
and Imv., characterizes this conjugation throughout. 

2) The ( ) of the first radical is tone-long (a). 

3) On the forms ^bp} and ^bpH (Inf- abs.), see 41. 2 R. 

4) n of the Inf. const, is sometimes elided after a preposition. 

2. Inflection: The inflection of the Niph'al is entirely analogous to that 
of the Qal. 

Remark 1. — The second radical often has ( ) in the Impf. instead ( ), 

in pause. 
Remark 2. — The preformative of the 1 sg. ({<) often has (__) instead 

ofLJ. 

3. Signification : The meanings of the Niph'al are briefly as follows : 

1) It is primarily reflexive, cf. the Hithpa'el. 

2) It is chiefly used in a, passive sense. 

Remark. — The Niph'al is sometimes reciprocal (cf. T*J^), and sometimes 
equivalent to the G-reek Indirect Middle (cf. /NJ^)* 

_ T 

48. The F»i<el and I»u<al Conjugations. 

1. Synopsis : 

1) Daghesh-forte in the second radical characterizes these conjugations 
throughout. 

2) Pattah (in the Perf., (_) ) is the characteristic vowel of the Pf el ; 
LJ, of the Pu al. 

3) The Inf. const. (Pi'el) is often substituted for the Inf. abs. 

4) The Pu al lacks an Imv. 

5) The f2 of the Participle is a fragment of *p -who? 

2. Inflection : The inflection of the Pi'el and Pu al is entirely analogous 
to that of the Qal and Niph'al. 

Remark 1. — The (_) of the Perf. (Pi'el) is attenuated from an original 

( ), as in the Hiph'il. 

Remark 2. — Before terminations beginning with a consonant the ( ) of 

the Pfel always becomes (_). 
Remark 3. — On the omission of Daghesh-forte, though characteristic, 

see 12. 2. 

3. Signification : The meanings of the Pi'el and Pii'al are briefly »as 
follows : 

1) The Pi'el expresses intensity and repetition. 

2) The Pi'el expresses a causative idea. 

3) The Pfel is used in the formation of denominatives, which fre- 
quently contain a privative idea. 

4) The Pii al is the passive of the Pi'el, and sometimes of the Qal. 



52 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



49. The Mipli II an«I Hophal Conjugations. 

See Paradigm B. 



2. 


i. 




y pp> } 


nbppn 


rr^^pn 


^ppn 


'rppn 


Perf. 


top!i 


'fi^ppn 


^9pn 


topn 


^opn 


Inf. Abs. 


btopl) 


arhhpn 


tyipprr 


^epn 


^ppn 


Inf. Const. 


*?ep?> 


0ippn 


V^Bprr 


— 


*?ep9 


Imv. 


^Ppb ) 

typpn\ 


Ji^ppfi 


tyjppri 


■>ep: 


^Pp! 


Impf. 


n^Dpn 


^W 


bppn 


yppo 


Part. 



fT£PV<n she w m cause to sprout (3.18) 

ttfUr. he will cause to put on (3.21) 

7*13^1 and he caused to divide (1.4) 

?3&^1 and he caused to dwell (3.24) 



K^~Ml let her cause to spring for th(l. 11) ^")?D causing to 



*V£DDn he caused to rain (2.5) 

TJiri he made known (3.11) 

^*lDn to cause to divide(1.18) 

^Iffl/tl to make wise (3.6) 



(1-11) 



50. The Hithpa<el Conjugation. 

See Paradigm B. 



2. 


1. 3) 


1. I)and2) 


"^nrin (6.9) nb®pm 


nop') -i&n#rr 


b®pm 


Perf. 


rcnror (3.8) )b®pnn 


6dd) bswn 


6bpnn) 


Inf. Abs. 


ny#n> (W)art*®pnn 


(piy pIPVn 


^ppnn 


Inf. Cst. 


r^nnp (3.8) uhtopnn 


ixii) mm 


^ppnn 


IniY. 


rosnno (3.24) fappn* 


nrrtD) -ran 


^Ppfi? 


Impf. 


(Cf.j|^'an»)(2.25) rtfrapnn 

1 t : • t : j- | - : • 


(Don) oanrr 

- T " - • 


^epw 


Part. 



3. 2) and 3) 



n&o s « e n^onn ^°^ npon one 

another. 
nn5 opera nDSnn open for one's 

''.' self. 
rDC forget tlSDWil he forgotten. 



3. 1) 



C07P deliver upOHtl escape. 

03 n oe wise DJfinn «^mj one's 

T " " self wise. 

Vflp sanctify t^^pDil sanctify 

"'' "'" '• one's self. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 53 

49. The Hiph'il and Hoph'al Conjugations. 

1. Synopsis : 

1) jf, in the Perf. attenuated to fj, is the characteristic of the Hiph'il. 

2) n (ho) is the characteristic of the Hoph'al. 

3) T\ of both prefixes is elided after preformatives. 

4) The * _ of the Hiph'il Perf., Inf. Const., Impf. and Part, is derived 
from ( ), which is found in the Inf. Abs., Imv. and Jussive Impf. 

5) The Imv. of the Hiph'il is like the Inf. Abs., not, as in other con- 
jugations, like the Inf. Const. 

6) The Hoph'al lacks an Imv. 

2. Inflection: The inflection of the Hoph'al is entirely analogous to that 
of the other conjugations, but that of the Hiph'il is somewhat different. 

1) Before voweZ-additions Ql , *| and * ), the vowel (i) of the second 

radical is retained and accented. 

2) Before consonant-additions, (£), Qft, jfj etc.) this vowel is changed 

T V T 

in the Perf. to (__), in the Impf. and Imv. to ( ). 

3) In the so-called Jussive Impf. ( ) and with Yav Consecutive 
( ) the vowel of the Hiph'il Impf. is (. ), not * . 

3. Signification : 

1) The Hiph'il is causative of the Qal. 

2) The Hoph'al is passive of the Hiph'il, or of the Qal. 

50. The Hithpa<el Conjugation. 

1. Synopsis : 

1) The prefixed syllable HH, and Daghesh-forte in the second radical 
characterize this conjugation. 

2) The connection of the Hithpa'el and the Pi'el is to be marked. 

3) No case of a Hithpa'el Inf. Abs. occurs. 

4) The Jl of the prefix Jljf is always transposed, when it would stand 
before D> ty or \tf ; it is changed to JO and transposed before 5£ ; 
it is assimilated before "J, tD, or fi. (See 27. 2 and 3.) 

2. Inflection : The inflection of the Hithpa'el is entirely analogous to 
that of the Pi'el. 

3. Signification : 

1) The Hithpa'el is primarily reflexive. 

2) It sometimes has a reciprocal force, and often also that of the * 
Greek Indirect Middle. 

3) It is rarel.y passive. 



54 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



X. Weak Verbs. 

51. Classes of 'Weak Verbs. 



2. 1) 


2. 1) 


1. 3) 


1. 2) 


1. 1) 


23p (2- 11 ) 

"fl (3.22) 
TW (3.14) 

- T 


jro (i.i7) 
y®} (2.8) 

*?M (4.6) 


ff?W (3.22) 

npi (3.5) 

yn& (3.8) . 


?p3 (1.28) 

^rn (1.2) 

p^ (4.10) 


nrj^ (2.24) 
rjon (3.24) 
rn (4.8) 



3. 5) 


3. 4) 


(3. 3)' 


3. 2) 


3. 2) 


rby (2.6) 
n*o d.4) 
rr^^.i) 


*cg (i.i) 

SOp (1.5) 
N¥£ (2.20) 

T T 


tp£> (3.15) 
rtlQ (3.3) 

D^ (2.8) 


fg>> (2.21) 


ion (i.3) 

blk (2.16) 

- T 



52. 



Verbs I»e Guttural. 

General View. 



Hoph'al. 



-*t: |t 

- *t:|t 



Hiph'ii. 



^#pt 



Niph'ai. 



^byrn 



Qal 



withainlmpf. withoinlrnpf, 



toy 

toyt 
toyt 
to#j.*t 
toy' 



toy 

toyt 
toj/t 



Perf. 
Inf. abs. 
Inf. const, 
lmv. 
Impf. 
Part. act. 
Part. pass. 



n^n (i.io) 

N3flN (3.10) 
blW (6.21) 

rrnj (1.29) 

nvn (2.18) 

on»nj (3.5) 

HW31.32) 

n»m(2o.7) 



n^JLW.26) 

nit^ 1 ? (2.3) 

lbN!?(l-22) 

(toyrp 

IDfl] (2.9) 

n\pKi.29) 

fc>#! d.7) 

innir (4.8) 



rw# : (2.4) 

"b£ (2.5) 
^DN(2.17) 

Djtog (3.5) 
nrvnN(3.i7) 

t - : 

1^H(4.25) 
n^(6.14) 
iD«(1.22) 



(to#>) 
ctojp 

niDnj (2.9) 

rft£J, (2.6) 

ibyn(4.i2) 

■D T t^_(2.24) 
WJP (3.7) 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 55 

X. Weak Verbs. 

51. Classes of Weal* Verbs. 

There are three classes of the so-called weak verbs : 

1. Guttural Yerbs ; these are called 

1) Pe Guttural, if the first radical is a guttura. , 

2) 'Ayin Guttural, if the second radical is a guttural ; 

3) Lamedh Guttural, if the third radical is a guttural. 

2. Contracted Yerbs ; these are called 

1) Pe Nun (7"£)), if the first radical is 3 ; 

2) 'Ayin Doubled (J7"Jf), if the second and third radicals are alike. 

3. Quiescent Yerbs ; these are called 

1) Pe Yodh (>'•£), if the first radical is * ; 

2) 'Ayin Yav, or'Ayin Yodh (V'j? or V 'J/), if the second radical is *) or * ; 

3) Lamedh 'Alepli (K' ,L 7), if the third radical is K ; 

4) Lamedh He (H" 1 ?)* if the third radical is pf. 

Remark 1. — These names are derived from the verb 7J73. which was 
formerly used as the paradigm-word. 

Remark 2. — A single verb may, of course, have the peculiarities of two 
or even three classes. 

52. Verbs Pe ('3) Guttural. 

This class of verbs deviates from the regular or strong verb in the fol- 
lowing particulars : 

1. *The guttural prefers the guttural or a-vowels (28. 1); hence ( ) 

is depressed to ( ), the latter being nearer the a-sound. 

Remark. — In the Qal Impf. with o, the original a appears with the pre- 
form a tive. 

2. \The guttural prefers compound to simple Sh e va (28. 2): 

1) Under an initial guttural this hateph is (__), but often ( ) 

under initial £$ ; 

2) Under a medial guttural the hateph corresponds to the preceding 
vowel. 

Remark 1. — All gutturals take compound Sh e va at the beginning of a 
word, but the strong gutturals, when medial, often retain simple Sh e va. 

Remark 2. — When the afformatives H , * •> and ) are added, and the 

preceding vowel is inconsequence rejected (22. 3. 2), a preceding com- 
pound Sh e va is always changed to its corresponding short vowel (23. 3), 
and the syllable thus formed is half-open. 

3. if The guttural cannot be doubled (23. 3), and the preceding vowel is 
in consequence lengthened. 

Remark. — In j"pn oe and n*l"7 live, the first radical is not treated as a 
guttural except that, when initial and vowelless, it has (__). 



56 



ELEMENTS OF HEBRKW 



53. Verbs Ay in Guttural. 

General View. 


Pifal (2). 


PTel (2). 


Hithpa'el. 


Pu al (1). 


Pi'el (1). 


Niph'al. 


Qal. 
top 




^npt 


^Dpt 


^Pn™ 


^Kpt 


^Npt 


Perf. 




bnpt 






^P * 


topn 


^Np 


Inf. abs. 




^rrp t 


bxpnnt 




^NpJ 


^Nptf 


top 


Inf.const. 




">npi 


sprint 




^KpJ 


■atpn 


^Np 


Irav. 


^np't 


^.op? J 


^tfpw 


^p i 


^j? J 


top? 


top** 


Impf, 




^DpP* 


^jjKpt 




^pP* 




top 


Part, act* 


^nppt 






^Nppt 




top* 


^Np 


Part. pass. 






54. Verbs Umedh 


Guttural. 








General View. 


Hithpael. 


Hiph'il. 


Pi'el. 


Niph'al. 


Qal. 




nepnrt * 


rroppn * 


nop* 


nopj 


rap 


Perf. 




TOpH * 


nop* 


nop:* 


mop * 


Inf. abs. 


rapnn * 


rrppn * 


nop* 


raprr * 


rap* 


Inf. const. 


repnr? * 


raprr * 


HOp* 


nopn * 


nop* 


Imv. 


rrepn? * 


f?9p! * 


nop>* 


nop* * 


nop'* 


Impf. 


nopnp * 


rrppp * 


nopp* 




nop* 


Part. act. 








nop:i * 


rnop* 


Part. pass. 


Remark. 


2. 


1. 3) 


1. 2) 


1. 1) 


(nnpp) 


rtfrrpan (3.7) 


ynrpa.ii) 


(HOp) 


(HOp) 


(nrap:) 


>fijW'(3.10) 


#4(1.29) 


(rapnn) 


ray ( 2 -5) 

At : • 


ciinep) 


♦iijrr (4-9) 


j/t (3.5) 


(nop?) 


ra> (2.7) 


cnoep) 


nnp^.m 


n\pvfi(3.i8) 


TOV (2.9) 


^0* (2.8) 


onrjepn) 


GjfTfcp) 




(rnop) 




V 


T(4.25) 




np*(2.i5) 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 57 

53. Verbs 'Ayin (';') Guttural. 

See Paradigm E. 

This class of verbs deviates from the regular or strong verb in the fol- 
lowing particulars : 

1. * The guttural prefers the guttural or a-voweh (28. 1); hence 

1) It takes after it (___) instead of (^_) in the Qal Imv. and Impf.; 

2) It often changes a following ( ) to (__), in the Pi'el Perf.; 

3) It restores the original ( ) under the first radical in the Qal Imv., 

fern. sg. and masc. plur. 

Remark. The guttural exerts less influence on a following than on a 
preceding vowel. 

2. f The guttural prefers compound to simple Sh e va (28. 2). 

3. ft The guttural cannot be doubled (28. 3); hence in the Pi'el, PiTal 
and Hithpa'el, 

1) Daghesh-forte is rejected and the preceding vowel is lengthened 
( (_) to (__), (_) to (_), (__) to (_lJ ), as in the case of J< and 1 ; or 

2) Daghesh-forte is implied, and the preceding vowel is retained short 
in an intermediate syllable (19. R.), as in the case of Hi IT and J^. 

General Remark.— In this class of verbs, the form of the Pi'el Inf. 
Abs. is the same as that of the Inf. Const. 

54. Verbs Lamedh ('S) Guttural. 
See Paradigm F. 

This class of verbs deviates from the regular or strong verb in the fol- 
lowing particulars : 

1. * The guttural prefers the guttural or a-vowels (28. 1); hence 

1) It takes ( ) instead of (_j_) in the Qal Imv. and Impf.; 

2) It changes a preceding ( ) to ( ), except in the Infinitive Abs. 

and Participles ; and 

3) It receives a Pattah- furtive, when final and preceded by a heter- 
ogeneous long vowel ( , * , ) or *)). 

2. f The guttural prefers compound to simple Sh e va (28. 2), but in this 
class, compound Sh e va is substituted only before suffixes, the simple 
Sh e va (syllable-divider) being retained before personal terminations. 

Remark 1. — In the 2 f. sg. Perf. of all species a helping- vowel ( ) is 
substituted for Sh e va under the guttural. 

Remark 2. — The form ^bp-3 is used instead of H^ppf ^ n tne Niph'al 
Inf. Abs. 

Remark 3. — The Inf's Abs. and Const, of the Pi'el are the same, except 
that the is retained in the former, but rejected in the latter. 



58 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



55. Verbs I»e Alepli (K"3). 
General View. 



ns** 



HtDK 



rrfirf 



nDN 


^3** 


T T 


-13N 


Qal. 


"ION 


tow 


roN 


*dn 


^BN 


nbN 


%* 


— 


nDN 


VlCON 


"ION 


■?:» 


— 


iDN 


b'm 


^bN 


^OX 




-ft* 


bm 




*?3tf) 
^3**M 


rQtf 


13«M 





Perf. 
Inf. abs. 
Inf. const, 
lmv. 



Impf. 



Remark 2. 






Remark 1. 



nDKM10.9) tfiZX (2.17) 
^N* (6.21) DDtoK (3.5) 






iba 1 ? $ 



(1.22) 



1 * and 2. f 



n?^a.3)^3Nri(2.i6 

iqNh(3.2) ^3^(3.2) 
^3K(3.12) ^3^ (3.6) 
HON) ^Nfl (3.6) 



56. Verbs Pe afun (■?"£)). 

General View. 



Qai of jm 


Hoph'al. 


HiphiL 


Niph'al. 


Qal. 




jrg 


^nt 


^n t 


^t . 


btti 


Perf. 


pn: 


l ?9fl + 


tent 


^biin 


b')tte 


Inf. abs. 


nn* 




^tprrt • 


toiirr 


nto 


Inf.const. 


10* 




^nt 


ton 


to 


Imv. 


fW'+ 


*?©?t 


^t 


to 


^lOH 


Impf, 


?n: 




^cpot 




toi 


Part. act. 


pro 


■rapt 




T '. 


^ 


Part. pass. 



Remarks. 


2.t 


i* 


nnn>3.i2) *npm (6.7) 
♦wwt.29) (to) . 


n?' (2.7) 
yD! (2.8) 


(to (rt?£) 

(to (run) nn 


jrva.iT) (any) 
nj?H2.i5) (^r?) 


mn (3.3) 
T^n(3.iD 




(njgj) Dp? (4.15) 


N^"n(3.i4) 


(tfiiM) jn 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 59 

55. Verbs I»e <Alepli («"3). 

See Paradigm J. 

This class consists of Jive verbs with initial X '■> 1^^ perish, Jl!3N be 
willing, ^tf eat, *")fttf say, tlDX bake. They deviate from the perfect 

- T _ T _ r T 

or strong verb in the following particulars : 

1. *The first radical K, in the Qal Imperfect, quiesces in _^ (6). 

Remark 1.— This 6 is for a ^QW = ^DN' = ^DK*. 

Remark 2.—^ the preformative of the Impf. 1 pers. sg. is dropped be- 
fore tf the first radical. 

2. fThe second radical has in the Qal Imperfect a, but often in pause, e. 
When the accent recedes this vowel often becomes (e). 

Remark 1. — Outside of the Qal Imperfect, these verbs are treated as 
verbs Pe Guttural. 

Remark 2. — A few verbs, however, are treated, at one time as Pe Aleph, 
at another as Pe Guttural. 

56. Verbs I"e Nun (f'3). 
See Paradigm G. 

This class of verbs deviates from the perfect or strong verb in the fol- 
lowing particulars : 

1. *JVun, initial and with only a Sh e va (half-vowel), is rejected (26. 1) in 
the Qal Inf. Const, and Imperative of verbs with a in the Impf. 

Remark 1. — The Inf. Const., after the rejection of 3, assumes the 
feminine ending and becomes a Segholate. 

Remark 2. — In verbs with o in the Impf, j is generally retained. 

2. fNun, at the end of a syllable and with only a Sh e va {syllable-divider), 
is assimilated (25. 1) and represented by Daghesh-forte in the follow- 
ing consonant. 

Remark 1. — Assimilation rarely takes place in verbs which have a gut- 
tural as the second radical. 

Remark 2.— The (o) of the Hoph'al becomes (^_) in the sharpened 

syllable (22. 1). 

Remark 3.— The verb JH3 give is to be particularly noticed in that (1) 
it assimilates its third as well as its first radical, and (2) it has e as the 
vowel of the Impf. and Imv. 

Remark 4.— The verb Hp 1 ? take treats *? like ^ in the Qal and Hoph'al 

(25. 2), bat in the Niph'al (ffp^) the ^ is retained. 



60 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



57. Verbs <Ayin Doubled {$"$). 
General View. 



Hoph'al. 


Hiphll. 


NiphU 


Qal. 




Contr. Uncontr. 


Conrr. 


Uncontr. 


Contr. 


Uncontr. 


Contr. Uncontr. 




BpVTtCDBpW 


&pp*t 


(&9fpprr) 


toprt 


(COCOpl) 


cop* tocpp 


Perf. 




copn*t 


(toepn) 


copn* 


(cobprr) 


— bicop 


Inf. abs. 


n 


opjrt 


(cocppr?) 


Dpn* 


(coapn) 


Dp* (Dbp) 


Inf. const. 




Dpn*f 


(CODprp 


Dj3iT 


(CODpri) 


COp* (CObp) 


Imv. 


DpV*t (DBp?) 


DjT*t 


(DCpjp?) 


cop** 


(cocop;) 


copw . 

COp'rt ,: " 

- tocpp 


Impf. 
Part. act. 


C0p>lD*t(C0&pp) 


CDpp^t 


ffiDj50) 


coprt 


(BBpJ) 


- — COICOp 


Part. pass. 



6. n 


5. § 


4. fl 


3. ft 


2. t 


1. * 


B©j?l 


(Dn'iDpn) i 


rriQp 


™?P- 


COJT' 


cop 


C0£0p [ 


orncopn J 


Drr'rcop 


ICOp 


&p-^ 


Dp 


»©pw J 


(frtcopj) } 


ir'nop: 


T 1-1-7 


COp"? 


*P* 


COD'lp 1 


rteapi \ 


on-'nopn 


icopn 


op; 


copirr 


cobip i 




nmspn 

t -iv |- : 


♦tppj? 


E3p"H 


coprr 


cobipnn J 


rotPPP 


1Dp> 


top:? 


cop? 


^p^p I 


(rtrtopri) ) 


rrr*:cop 


'copfi 


cop-in 


tDprr 


toptoprin i 


wepfi ^ 


nr^coprj 


toji: 


cop! 


^p: 


6. u 


5. 1 


4. H 


3. ft 


2. t 


i. * 


33D1 
33? 


(DJ-rapn) | 
on'npn \ 


ryi3p 


H3D 


3b> 

T 


3D 1 


Dn"«p 


13D 


3di 


3D 


asppnj 


otddj) ) 


rrtap! 


n^D^ 


aon 


3DJ 

_ T 


33'IDl 


rrtapj j 


orfopfj 


toDH 


3D* 


3pin 


331D [ 


ffirabn) | 


rr^3pn 


>3bn 


3pn 


3pr? 


33'inpnj 


rtrgon J 


waon 


tob* 


3D.! 


3D? 


3p3p^ 


crw 3pn) / 


rw3D 


♦3pri 


Spin 


3prr 


DpDJnpn S 


n^?pn $ 


rwspn 


top; 


3D? 


3D> 

" T 



i So few ])"]) forms occur in the opening chapters of Genesis, that it is judged best to take 
the forms of 33D surround. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 61 

57. Verbs Ayin Doubled ($"]?). 

See Paradigm H. 

The deviation of this class of verbs from the perfect or strong verb is 
occasioned by the contraction of the second and third radicals. This con- 
traction takes place in all forms except those which contain unchangeable 
vowels or Daghesh-forte. The following changes result from the con- 
traction : 

1. *The contracted monosyllabic stem takes the vowel of the second 
radical. In every case the vowel is the same as that of the perfect 
verb, except that (1) a instead of e (47. 2 R. 1) is used in the Niph'al 
Impf. and Imv., and (2) e heigthened, instead of i lengthened, from l is 
used in the Hiphll. 

2. f Before the monosyllabic stem the prt formative, which would stand in 
a simple syllable before the tone, takes a tone-long vowel (21. 3. 1). 
Hence 

1) a, lengthened from the original a, appears in the Qal Impf., the 
Niph'al Perf and Part., and the Hiphll Infs., Imv. and Impf. 

2) e, heightened from i, appears in the Hiph.il Perf, and in a few 
cases of the Qal Impf. with a. 

3) u, lengthened from ii, appears throughout the Hoph'al. 

Remark. — It often happens that a Daghesh-forte is inserted in the first 
radical, and the necessity of lengthening the preceding vowel thereby 
avoided. 

3. if Before ajformatives beginning with a vowel, the Daghesh-forte, im- 
plied in the contracted radical, is inserted, and the preceding vowel 
is retained and accented. 

4. ^Before afformatives beginning with a consonant, a separating vowel 
is inserted, 6 in Perfects, e in Imperfects and Imperatives. These 
vowels receive the tone, except in the case of 6 before the termina- 
tions □£! and |JH. 

5. \The removal of the accent occasions the following vowel-changes: 

1) The tone-long vowels of the preformatives become Sh e va (22. 3. 1). 

2) The tone-long stem-vowels o and e are shortened to ii and i (22. 1. 1). 

6. W The regular Intensive conjugations occur, viz.: Pfel, Pii'al and 
Hithpa/el ; but more often for these there are substituted, 

1) The so-called Po'el, Po'al and Hithpo'el, formed by inserting ) after 
the first radical ; or 

2) The so-called Pilpel and Hithpalpel, formed by reduplicating the 
contracted stem. 



62 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



58. Verbs I»e Yoah and I»e Vav C"D an J 1"3). 

A. Verbs Pe Vav (V'fi). 

General View. 




3.1 


2.t 


1. 2)* 


1. 1)* 


ibV (4.18) 


KJF (2.10) 


?#» (2.2i) 


*W ( 4 - 16) 


frtgtt) 


•jjnrj (3 - 5) 


(£0") 


D^>(4.16) 


tph (4.12) 


JH» (4.1) 


(ffe») 


n^n (4.D 


1^'V (5.3) 


n 1 ?* (4.i8) 


(trv) 


JH>(4.17) 


in^in (5.4) 


n 1 ?^ (4.26) 


(tTV) 


m 1 ? (4.2) 


ftenrr) 


^¥) 




njn (3.22) 



B. Verbs Pe Yodh (>"£). 



General View. 



Remark . 


1 and 2. 


HipM. 

Originally v/ £). 


Qal. 

Originally v '£). 




(fW 1 ) 


1!P»1 (2.7) 


^♦nt 


^* 


Perf. 


aw) 


njP3 ( 2 - 19 > 


^rrt 


^I0>* 


Inf. abs. 


cnafj) 


N"VK1 (3.10) 


"writ 


*?b>* 


Inf. const. 


(nwi) 


ywn (4.7) 


to 


^>* 


Imv. 


(pV?) 


(pyp 


^♦pwt 


^E5 M * 


Impf. 


o»?) 


(try?) 


^D»et 


T 


Part. act. 
Part, pass* 



i Meaning, to kindle. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 63 

58. Verbs I»e Yodh and l»e Vav C"£) and 1"£}). 
See Paradigm 1. 

The so-called Pe Yodli ( V 'Q) verbs include also what are more properly 
termed Pe Vav (V '£)) verbs. It is best to treat these separately, in as much 
as they differ in both origin and inflection. 

A. Verbs Pe Vav (V'fi). 

In these verbs the first radical was originally Vav, and it undergoes the 
following changes : 

1. *In the Qal Imp/., Inf. const, and Imv., two methods of treatment 
exist : 

1) In some verbs 1 the radical is entirely rejected, in which case 

(1) the vowel of the preformative in the Impf. becomes e, while the 
vowel of the second radical is e, or, with a guttural, a ; 

(2) The Inf. const, takes on the feminine ending J"), thus artificially 
preserving the triliterality of the root. 

2) In some verbs 2 , however, the radical, changed to *, is retained, and, 
after the i of the preformative, is quiescent, in which case the second 
radical has a. 

2. f Whenever, outside of the forms just mentioned, the first radical is 
initial, it becomes \ 

3. % Whenever, in the course of inflection, the first radical is medial, it is 
retained as \ but 

1) It appears as a consonant only in the Niph'al Inf., Imv. and Impf.; 

2) It unites with a and forms the diphthongal *| (a+v=6), in the 
Niph'al Perf. and Part., and throughout the Hipb/il ; 

3) It unites with ii and forms } (u+v=u) throughout the Hoph'al. 

B. Verbs Pe Yodh (*"£fc 

Of these verbs no Niph'al or Hopb'al forms occur, but 

1. *In the Qal, the *> is retained throughout, quiescing in l in the Impf. 
(cf. above 1. 2f)); likewise also 

2. fin the Hiphll, the * is retained, and uniting with a of the preformative, 
it becomes * (a+y=e). 

Eemark. — In a few verbs 4 of this class the * is treated like J and assim- 
ilated. 



i TV bear, ^y go forth, D^ 1 sit, dwell, TV go down, jf*V know. 

2 t\y* be weary, Vj^ counsel, W' 1 sleep. 

3 213'' be good, py suek, Vj^ awake, TX" 1 form, -,$i be straight, $y be dry. 

4 p^ spread under, p^" 1 burn, and sometimes DV pour, TJT form, ^JJT be straight. 



64 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



59. Verbs <Ayin Vav and <Ayin Yodh (V y, ^y). 

General View. 



Hoph'al. 


Hiph'il. 


Niph'al. 


Qal 
<Ayin Yodh. 


Qal 
'Ay in Vav. 




bpn 


^pri 


^1p: 


^ 


^J3.) ^ 


Perf. 




">P0 


Vipn 


*P 




*P 


Inf. abs. 




*P0 


■Apr? 


*P 




*P 


Inf. const. 




^30 


Vipn 


*P 




*f> 


ImY. 


"?pv 


*p? 


^ip: 


^j5J 




*p: 


Impf. 




^p9 




^P 




^p 


Part. act. 


bpn 




■apa 


*P 




*p 


Part. pass. 


6. 


5. 


4. 


3. 


2. 


1. 


^Y 


crrr^pn) ) 

TV) T f 


rr'r 1 ^ 


rf?p 

T [-IT 


^p"! 


*P 


Vftp 


- rt^PP > 


rrr^p; 


*B 


*p-j 


*rc 


^pnn 


(rtfapjp ) 


tfT^pj 


•*&«■ 


^P"0 


^ 


W 


> (tffripj) ) 

T V 


O^'^pO 


tt£ 


^p"0 


^ 


^prn 


>iT"r^pD 


Tfyfti 


^P" T 


*p 




MYnpj ) 


^"'r^pD 


n ?\>ft 


^p"! 


^pD 




arvfrpc?) ) 
nYrpn ) 


DJ^pfl 


*m 


^p-in 


*|? 




ra^pfl 


'*j£ 


*?p-v 


^n 



K*5iTt (4 - 4) 


-1 T 


f]!){^>*t(8.16) 


D^(4.25) 

T 


i^n*td.i7) 


WjDtt (7-9) 


n^'n*t(3.i9) 

T 


yy(4.i4) 


W*t (4.3) 

" T 


inDtt(7.22) 


abnt (6.4) 

T 


*0*(±.14) 

T 


rwa»« (2.22) 

tv': 


ID^tt (8.3) 


D>£»* (2.8) 

T 


K^(6.13) 

T 


pnwnz (3.3) 


nNDirc«.i8) 


rw'N* (3.15) 

T 


K3* (7.1) 


f]&iy??8(i.20) 


♦flbpffl (6.18) 


mn* (8.4) 

~ T 


nto (2.17) 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 65 

59. Verbs <Ayin Vav and <Ayin Yodli (l"y, '"]?). 
See Paradigm K. 

The deviation of this class of verbs from the regular or strong verb is 
occasioned by the weakness of the second radical *) or \ Yerbs 'Ayih 
Yodh differ from those 'Ayin Vav only in the Qal Inf. const., Imv. and 
Impf. : 

1. *The middle radical never appears as a consonant, but either 

1) quiesces in the original (homogeneous) vowel __, as in the Qal 
Inf. const., Imv. and Impf.; 1 or 

2) unites with the accompanying vowel, as throughout the Niph'al, 
except in the Infinitive Abs., or 

3) is entirely rejected, as in the Qal Perf., Inf. Abs. and Part., 
Niph'al Infinitive Abs., and throughout the Hiph'il and Hoph'al. 3 

Remark. — In the Qal Inf. const., Imv. and Impf., * of verbs V 'J/ is 
treated in the same manner as *) of verbs ]"%}. 

2. f Before the monosyllabic stem, the preformative, which would stand in 
a simple syllable before the tone, takes a tone-long vowel (21. 3. 1). 
Hence, 

1) a, lengthened from the original a, appears in the Qal Impf, the 
Niph'al Perf, and Part., and the Hiph'il Infs, Imv. and Impf; 

2) e, heightened from l, appears in the Hiph'il Perf., and Part. 

3) u, lengthened from ii, appears throughout the Hoph'al. 

3. if Before afformatives beginning with a vowel, the tone contrary to 
the analogy of the strong verb, is upon the penult, except in the 
Hophal. 

4. \Before afformatives beginning with a consonant, a separating vowel is 
inserted, 6 in Niph'al and Hiph'il Perfects, e in the Qal Imperfect. . 
These vowels receive the tone, except before the terminations Qjn 
and ffi. 

Remark. — In the Niph'al, 6 of the stem becomes u where the inserted 6 
is employed. 

5. \The removal of the accent changes the tone-long vowels a (Qal and 
Niph'al) and e (Hiph'il) to Sh e va (22. 3. 1). 

6. §§The regular Intensive conjugations, Pf el, Pii al and Hithpa'el, occur 
very seldom ; there are, however, substituted for them, 

1) The so-called Polel, Polal, and Hithpolel, formed by inserting ) and 
reduplicating the third radical ; or 

2) The so-called P^lpel and Hithpalpel, formed by reduplicating the 
contracted stem. 



i Sip for Sip; Sip; for Sip. 

2 S'lpJ for Sip J; S'lpn for SlpH; Sip 1 for Slj3\ 

3 Sp for Sip; Sip for Slip; Sp (Part.) for Sip; Sip for Slip; S'pPI for S'lpH; Spin 

torSipn. 



66 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



60. Verbs Lamedh Alepli (K"S). 

General View. 



Hithpa'el. 


Hiph'il. 


Pfel. 


NipVal. 


Qal. 




NPpnn 


K^pn 


NPp 


NDpr 


KDp* 


Perf. 




NDprr 


KDp 


Nbpj 


N'1Dp 


Inf. abs. 


mpon 


*rc?pn 


KPp 


Kppn 


mp 


Inf. const. 


mpnn 


NPpn 


KDp 


Kppn 


*W 


Imv. 


Npprv 


N'Pp! 


N*Pp> 


K©jj! 


mp? 


Impf. 


appnp 


*rppp 


NppP 


KDp^ 


mp 


Part. 



3. 


2. 


i. 


1^0 d-28) 


(n^ppri) 


(J-lNCOp) 


attna- 12) 


iTD) (LI) 


n*on (2.22) 


(nixwn) 


vnxtDp) 


W'nna-ii) 


*Op (1.5) 


GjgBp) 


(n;mpr)) 


vnmp}) 


K^(2.10) 


N¥D(2.20) 

T T 


(ntfpp) 


(iiMigp) 


(nmp) 


frOp>(2.23) 


*Op? d.5) 







61 


. Verbs 


I 4 ainedh 

General View. 


He (H" 1 ?). 




Hithpa el. 


HiplTil. 


PiTal. 


PTel. 


NiplTaL 


Qal. 




(nbpnn) 

n'iDpnn 

nppjin 

nppb? 

nppnp 


nopn 

nppn 

nitopn 

nppn 

nppp 


nap 

nbp 
n'ltop 

rrpp? 

nppp 


rrtDp 

nbp 
nitop 

npp 
npp* 

nppp 


rrapj 
nbp^i 

ntopn 
nppn 

ifpp* 


nap 
nbp 
riwp 
npp 
npp> 
npjb 
♦rap 


Perf. 
Inf. abs. 
Inf. const. 
Imv. 
Impf, 
Part. act. 
Part. pass. 


Remarks. 


2). 2. 1). 


1. 


(nnop) 
T >n> ( 
*rv < 

vy\ ( 
iy (i 

^: < 


1.2) 

1.3) 
1.4) 
1.7) 
.22) 
2.2) 


DJ 

n 

or 
en 

cnyt 

(nk 

T 


?"0 < 3 ~ 

tyy (3.1^ 

?*?¥ (8 - 1 ' : 

;>pr» 
?po } 


>) rrva- 

t) ft# (2 
r) nj£ (i 

W7(l. 

(>ppn) 


26) 

.1) 
.9) 
14) 
22) 
22) 


(np 
(nbp 

Gib 
(nbp 

(np 

niN 


7> 

i) n 

7> 

3/ (2.3) 

n"(2.i9) 


nw.io) 
7^ T n (2.6) 
nw(i.29> 

n^;_ (2.6) 

1^(1.26) 

n^(i.n) 
njn (4.2) 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 67 

60. Verbs Lamedh Alepli (K' ,C 7). 
See Paradigm M. 

This class of verbs deviates from the perfect or strong verb in the fol- 
lowing particulars : 

1. * Final ft is always quiescent, and lengthens a preceding a to a. 

Remark. — The Qal Imp/, and Imv. have a after the analogy of verbs 
Lamedh Guttural. 

2. f Medial ^ before consona^-additions quiesces 

1) in _ (a), in the Qal Perfect (Middle A); 

T 

2) in (e), in the Qal Perfect (Middle E), and in the other Perfects ; 

3) in (e), in all Imperfects and Imperatives. 

Remark. — ^ losing thus its consonantal character is sometimes rejected. 

3. Medial ^ before vowe^-additions is treated as a regular consonant. 

Remark. — This class shows a manifest tendency to adopt the vowels of 
verbs Lamedh He, 

61. Verbs I^amedh He (H" 1 ?). 

See Paradigm L. 

This class of verbs would properly be termed V'7 or *"7, since *) or ' is 
the third radical, appearing in the Qal Part, pass., while f\ is not a radical, 
but a mere vowel-sign : 

1. When the original *| or * would be final, it is rejected (except in the 
Qal Part, pass.) and the vowel-letter Jl is substituted for it, indicating 
the vowel which arose from the union of the third radical with the 
preceding vowel. Hence there occur the following endings : 

1) |™J , in all Perfects ; 

2) pf (a+y=e), in all the Imperfects and Participles ; 

3) H (a+y=e), in all Imperatives ; 

4) H , in the Infinitives absolute ; but jf in Hiph. and Hoph.; 

5) ill, the fern. term. JT\ being added, in all Infinitives const. 

2. When the original *) or * icoidd not be final, 

1) before vowel-additions, it is usually rejected together with the pre- 
ceding vowel ; it is however retained in pausal forms ; but 

2) before consonant-additions, it unites with the preceding vowel (a), 
and forms the diphthongal ay, which 

(1) becomes * __ (e) in the Perfect of all passive conjugations, but 

(2) may be thinned to * (i) in the other Perfects, and 

(3) becomes * (e) before PO of Imperfects and Imperatives. 

T 

Remark 1. — The Perfect 3 fern. sg. has the old ending D __, to which 
il (euphonic) is added. 

T 

Remark 2. — Verbs n"7 when apocopated in the Imperfect lose pf • 



68 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 
62. Verbs with Suffixes. 

A. The Perfect with Suffixes. 



2. 3) 


2. 2) 


2. 1) 


i. 




D-^Dp 


D-n^p 


rfppp ) 


vrrfapp ) 


H^PP 


T^pp 


i^ep ) 


j- t J: ' 


op^ej? 


in-^Dp 


*y?ej?) 




VTtWp 

: J- t | : 


Tl^P 


^p) 


nrtep 

t J- t J: 


irrf?Dp 

t t |: 


rr^ep 


D]r)l ?^P ) 
ir^pp i 



Remark 2. 


Remark 1. 


3. 2) 


3. 1) 


^P 


^?fcp 


■*W 


Mp'pipp 


O3^0p 


ftc?p 


W^p 


Dl^pp 


'£${? 


U"?Pp 


rntop 


wrfrpp 


O^p 


D^pp 


irrfrtpj? 


CW#Bp 



B. Infinitive, Imperative and Participles with Suffixes. 



3. 


Remarks. 


2. 


Remarks. 


1 - 


^Pp 


tf?op 


tf?Dp(2m.sg.) 


TO 


^>Pp 


»tf?Bj3 


^Pp (2 f. sg.) 


V : t -: 


mow 

t : t 


^p9 


tf?'t?pn 


^pp(2m.pl.) 


H?W 


^Dp 


^Dpp 


inj^po 


UI^Pp (2f.pl.) 


a&pp 


D^PP 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 69' 

62. Verbs with Suffixes. 

See Paradigm C. 

When the object of a verb is a pronoun, it is often expressed by the 
the union of f|&, the sign of the definite object, and the pronominal suffix. 

More often, however, the pronominal suffix is joined directly to the verbal 
form. This produces certain changes of termination and stem. 

A. The Perfect with Suffixes. 

1. Changes of termination : The older forms are in many cases re- 
stored, as Jl __ for H — (3 sg.fem.), 7") for j"l (2 sg. fern.), )ft (Dill) 

- t : 

for QJl (2 pi. masc.). 
Remark. — j"J (2 sg. masc.) sometimes becomes £) before *J. 

2. Union of termination and suffix; 

1) Verbal forms ending in a vowel take the simple form of the suffix. 

2) Verbal forms ending in a consonant take a connecting vowel, 
generally , but before ?T, DD anc ^ ??' a Sh e va (half- vowel). 

Remark. — Forms ending in J") (for H ) take no connecting vowel be- 

- T 

fore suffixes consisting of a syllable; before other suffixes it draws 
the tone to the penult. 

3) The following contractions take place : 

(1) in is contracted to ) ; (4) -f"f is contracted to T\ ; 

T T T T 

(2) in* is contracted to V ; (5) Hi"! — is contracted to fj£) __. 

(3) )tin __is contracted to 1fi__; 

3. Changes of stem: 

1) Before all suffixes the tone-long a of the first syllable, no longer 
standing before the tone, is changed to Sh e va. 

2) Where a of the second syllable has been rejected, as before personal 
endings beginning with a vowel, it is restored and, in the simple 
syllable, lengthened. 

Remark 1. — Verbs Middle E retain e before suffixes. 

Remark 2. — In the Pf el, ( ) becomes (_) before 7\, DD> J5> Dut e ^ se " 

where is rejected. 

B. Infinitive, Imperative and Participles with Suffixes. 

1. The Infinitive, before suffixes, assumes the form 7pp, the 6 being 
drawn back. 

Remark 1. — The first syllable is always half-open or intermediate. 
Remark 2. — Before T\, Dp and |J the form ^tOp is more frequently 
employed. 

2. The Imperative, before suffixes, 

1) in the 2 m. sg. follows the analogy of the Infinitive ; 

2) in the 2 f. sg. and 2 m. pi. suffers no change. 

3) in the 2 f. pi. has the form ^>tDp instead of PO^DD- 

Remark 1. — The Imperative in a, retains and lengthens the a as does 

the Imperfect. 
Remark 2. — The Infinitive may be construed with either the verbal 

suffix (^) or the nominal suffix * . 

Remark 3.— In the Hiphll the form ^ppH is used instead of *?tDpi> 

3. The Participles, before suffixes, are treated as nouns (67). 



70 



ELEMENTS OF HEBEEW 



C. The Imperfect with Suffixes. 



2. ' 


2) 


2. 1) 


i. 


T^?P- 


T*?Pp! 


Tfrfipp! 


T^PpA (3 f. pi.) 


DD-^Dp^ 


liT^pj?? 


firrfrtpj: 


p 


D-topn (3 f. pi.) 


T^vpn 


'inrwT 


ir^opn 


iiTfrbpfi (2 f. pi.) 


D^-^ippn 


!||TO 


D-^ppn 


rn^tppri (2 f. pu 


4. 


Remarks. 


3. 


rtfoah 




•i^Bp? 


;f?tpp? j tf?ipp? > 


uffw^n 




T^p? 


w-hn 




*£T«?p? 


^bpn i bbpr\ ) 


'■&9J?! 




T^p' 


D^tppn j vf?9j?n i 


Mtop? 




♦r^pfl 


■Jbp? ) ^bp# ) 


ft|!?9j?! 




T^P 1 ? 



63. Special Forms. 



1. 2) 


1. 1) 


\*7* (!-3) Let there be. 

XWlft (1-11) Shall cause to 
spring forth. 

NV'iri (1-24) Shall cause to 
go forth. 
yy (1.22) Ze£ multiply. 

Wyrr^K (22.12) Do ?? o£ r7o. 


ni^K (18.21) JwiU^o^oww 

mnnK (27.41) /will HZ?. 

n^3/^ (H.3) _Z>£ 2*s ??iaA;e 
T : : brick. 

nfi'lW (H-3) Let us burn. 

tTT\j (H.7) Xe# «s <?o 
down. 



3. 


2. 3) 


2. 2) 


2. 1) 


miD d-i) 1 


1DK*) (1.3) 


N*v'ini(i.i2) 


nn^sn (32.6) 

T ' ' ' 


rot? (4.D 1 


tpnn d.22) 


p^l (3.24) 




(V-l) 


Djy-n (2.8) 


to*1(8.W) 


NTQ (1.4) 


JJJQtf (4.23) 


^1(2.19) 


Dp*) 

|tt- 


yj33 (i.4) 


|^*ip (2.20) 2 


'lWtol (3.2) 


t]p'mi ^- 2 > 


fcfjjn d.7) 



Tluth. 2 Exodus. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 71 

C. The Imperfect with Suffixes. 

1. Changes of termination : HJ (2 and 3 pi. fern.) becomes *|. 

2. Union of termination and suffix: 

1) Verbal forms ending in a vowel take as in the Perfect the simple 
form of the suffix ; 

2) Verbal forms ending irf a consonant take a connecting vowel, gen- 
erally ( ), but before 7\, DD and Jp, a Sh'va (half-vowel). 

3. Changes of stem: 

Before suffixes, the forms of the Qal Impf., which end in a consonant, 
change o to Sh e va, but before T\, D^, 7p, the o becomes o. 

Remark 1. — Verbs with (__) in the Imperfect (e. g. ? Ayin and Lamedh 

Guttural) retain the a and lengthen it. 
Remark 2.— In the Pfel, (_) like oof the Qal becomes Sh e va, but (_) 

before^], D? and Jp ; while the i of the Hiphll remains. 

4. Nitn Epenthetic or Demonstrative. 

In pausal or emphatic forms there is often inserted, instead of a union- 
vowel, a union-syllable j __„ or j ___, of which the ^ is generally assim- 
ilated (see Paradigm A). 

63. Special Forms. 

1. In addition to the common form of the Imperfect, there are in Hebrew 
two special forms, which are used to express certain special significa- 
tions : 

1) The Cohortative Imperfect: 

(1) The form of this Imperfect is characterized by the ending H •> 

before which a preceding vowel, unless unchangeable, becomes 
Sh'va. It is used only in the first person, sg. or plur. 

(2) The special signification of the Cohortative is that of desire, 
determination, and in the plur., that of exhortation. 

2) The Jussive Imperfect : 

l l) This Imperfect is characterized, wherever it is possible, by a 
shorter form of the verb. It is found in the Hiph'il of the 
Strong verb, in the Qal and Hiph'il of verbs V'J/, and in all 
conjugations of verbs H"7- It is used only in the second and 
third persons. 

(2) The special signification of the Jussive is that of wish, com- 
mand; with a negative, dissuasion, prohibition. 

2. The Imperfect with Vav Consecutive : 

A special form of the Imperfect is used, where possible, with the Vav 
Consecutive, viz.: 

1) A form similar to that of the Cohortative in the first person ; 

2) A form similated to that of the Jussive in the second and third 
persons ; or 

3) A form marked by the recession of the accent. 

Remark. — The accent never recedes, however, except to a simple 
syllable. 

3. The Imperative : There occur special forms of the Imperative after 
the analogy of the Cohortative Imperfect : 

1) A lengthened form, pj being affixed ; this is often more emphatic 

T 

than the regular form. 

2) A shortened form, pf of verbs T\"/ being rejected, and some- 
times pf of n^- 



72 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



XI. Nouns. 

64. Gender and Number. 



Remark 2. 


Remark 1. 


1. 2) 


1. i) 


•• 


^iT)p/™m nemo (1.2) 


T T _ 


TlNd.3> 


nb>p'n I 


fcftfl/wm ntrD"n(i.2i) 


non^(i.24) 


Ht0(1.4) 


n fr9 u 


rjgnipD/^m r©|irjiiD(«-24) 


rr*nci-24) 

T _ 


DVd.5) 


rrjjTKa^) 1 


jn/«»» n,in (2.9) 


n^in (i.i) 


np3(L5) 


n^(2.9) 


np/v-om nrrp(4.n) 


nsrnp d.2) 


^p-)(1.6) 


Remark 4. 


Remark 3. 


Remark 2. 


Remark 1. 


2. 


T 


nhk! (1 - 14) 




n?m 




DW1.22) 


n'njc?(i.i4) 


D^nnj; 




DWL14) 


aw") 


nwzh) 


iTJ^j 


0**P# 




nn^d.i4> 


0^(1.14) 


r\i&!T\\ 


nvifr J 


HVP 


nnVin (2.4) 


(DUN) 


n'nun (3.7) 


D**op 


onyo 


d^u? (3 - 6 > 



65. State. 



1. 2) 


1. 1) 


D'rm\3£) (1.2) faces-n/ abyss. 


DTfTNOM) 


wribx trn d-2) spint-of God. 


DWrra.i> 


D^DH nip^(l.lO) collection-of the- waters. 


pNnd.i) 


D^Dt^'n y p*)3(l«14) in-expanse-of the-heavens. 


T)Nnd.3> 


fim rvw.25) 


beast-of the-earth. 


^pnd-6) 


njh-njh (4.2) 


n*rr-rrrr(i-25) 


2. i) 

... . T 


rnpp-mppd.io) 


n^-n^d-26) 


W—&W 


n^r-n^j; (3.7) 


nppj-nptjti (2.-8) 


W-DOT 


vn-w 


n'nVin-n'nVin (2.4) 


W-D'jfc?" 


wi-m) 


n^'pp'pd.ie) 




*¥£-&?% 



iEx- 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 73 

XI. Nouns. 1 

64. Gender and Number. 

1. Nouns in Hebrew have two genders : 

1) Masculine, which has no particular indication ; 

2) Feminine, which is usually indicated by the termination Jf or J"V 

Remark 1. — J") is added to forms ending with a vowel, without change ; 
but to forms ending with a consonant it is joined by means of the 
helping vowel ( ) or, after gutturals (__). 

Remark 2. —The ending jl occurs less frequently than T\ , and often 

T 

with words which have feminines also in H • 

Remark 3. — The original feminine ending was J"| , from which Jf 

is derived by the apocopation of jl, and the lengthening of a to a ; pf 
being only a vowel-letter. 

2. Nouns in Hebrew have three numbers : 

1) Singular ; 

2) Plural, ending in D* (masc), J11 (fevn.); 

3) Dual, ending in £3* __. 

Remark 1.— Nouns ending in * have plurals in Q^ ___, contracted 

to D* _. 

Remark 2. — Nouns ending in Jf _, lose their ending before dual and 
plural terminations. 

Remark 3. — The ending HI is either added directly to a singular form, 
or takes the place of Jl , f) , or jf — of the singular. 

Remark 4. — Many masculine nouns have feminine plural endings and 
many feminine nouns masculine plural endings. 

Remark 5. — The dual is, for the most part, used only of objects which 
go in pairs. 

Remark 6. — Q*£ (waters) and D*Dfc^ (heavens) are irregularly accented 

• -I- • J- T 

on the penult. 

65. State. 

1. Nouns in Hebrew are said to have or to be in certain states : 

1) A noun is in the Absolute state when it is not dependent upon an- 
other noun or pronoun. 

2) A noun is in the Construct state when it is dependent upon another 
noun or pronoun. 

Remark — In Latin or Greek, the second of two nouns, which stand 
in close relation, suffers change, but in Hebrew it is theirs?. These 
changes are due to the fact that the tone hastens on to the second 
noun. 

2. The following changes of termination take place in the formation of 
the Construct State : 

1) The endings 0* __ and D* lose Q and the vowel becomes * . 

2) The later feminine termination J7 is always restored to the 

original J"| ; H _ and Jll suffer no change. 

3) Nouns in Jl change this to J"J , and nouns in * change this 

to * . [For changes of stem, see 68.] 



i The Noun embraces the substantive, the participle and the adjective. 



74 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 
>. Ancient Case-Endings. 



3. 


2 


i. 


VTI1 (L24) 


♦wnri ^'ipdie.D 1 


nD*D£^'(15«5) heaven-ward 

T : JT T 


'U?(23.18)< 


PUD ^^(33.16) 2 


n'in(14.10) mountain- 
T "' v ward. 


'wynau.8y 


D'V »n33il(81.39) 


?l^n^n(18.6) mfo ^e te?^. 

t v: _i t 


P?8> 


tost^D »n^o (i.2D 3 

t : ■ •-;•■; 


D^H niPK(20.1) fo tfie so^A- 


(♦ITK) 


p-ir'? 5 ?^ 14 - 18 ) 


rtifiy(13.14) northward. 

T -1 T 


(*S) 


^5 (s.ii) 


H/2H13.14) sea-ward. 

TJT 



67. Nouns with Suffixes. 



1. 2) 


i. i) 


^(3.10) 


cvrjfr) 


n^O^(1.24) 

t • : 


V^(2.24) 

' T 


^m(3.14) 


rj:>'nv#(3.i6) 


D*nan (2.4) 

t : |t • 


VPTN (4.8) 


T|n^'N(3.17) 


rjrin(3.i6) 


ww ww (3.6) 

T T T - 


^|7N (4.9) 


:rpnr(3.i5) 


^"^(3.16) 


nj;-ir(3.i5) 


,75(4.11) 


D? 1 ??^ (3.5) 


WQ^3f5a-26) 


(1HT)1T(3.22) 

TT T 


♦rnpN(4.23) 


(p^K) 


^n^npa.26) 


eimrcf) 'u*& (4.4) 
t 


^nn^n(4.23) 



2, 4) 


2. 3) 


2. 2) 


2. 1) 


^11(3.14) 


vni^v(2.2D 


(IH^'lp) 


^0^(2.23) 


^§K(3.19) 


VStf (2.7) 

T ~~ 


DH^^2.25) 


ctyp) 


?\>fa (*-6) 


T 


D^JJ (3.5) 


^Y 


(rrce) 

T V T 


(V'^'lp) 


]nf?nt2 (4.4) 


(TJ^DID) 



i Psalm. 2 Deut. " Isaiah. ' Numbers. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 75 

66. Ancient Case-Endings. 

There are found in Hebrew what seem to be the remains of former case- 
endings. They are 

1. f"f (generally unaccented), termed local or directive, and used to 

T 

denote direction or motion. 
Remark. — This H is often used in a weaker sense, indicating the 

T 

place ivhere ; with a preposition it often seems to have entirely lost its 
original force. 

2. * (usually accented), which was used to indicate the construct state. 

It is still found in poetry, in proper names, and with some particles. 
It has, however, lost all significance. 

3. "j (always accented), which occurs far less frequently than * , and 

chiefly with nouns in the construct relation. 

67. Nouns with Suffixes. 

See Paradigms H and N. 

Nouns take before suffixes, for the most part, the forms of the construct 
state. Here only the form of the suffix will be treated : 

1. Suffixes to Singular Nouns : 

1) Nouns, ending in the construct state with a vowel, receive the suf- 
fixes without a union-vowel. 

2) Nouns, ending in the construct state with a consonant, take a union- 
vowel, which is 

(1) generally in the 3d person ; but 

(2) in the 3d person of forms Jl"7, in the 2d fern, (sg.) and in 

the 1st plur. 
(3) before ^|>D5 and 7p. 

Remark 1.— Jl .._ is contracted for H _, 1 for }J7 — ( 2Q . 2. R.). 

T T T T 

Remark 2.— T\ _ becomes, in pause, !H _^ (24. 2). 

Remark 3. — The ending of the fem. construct, Jl , becomes Jl _^ be- 
fore the light suffixes. 

2. Suffixes to Plural Nouns : 

In the case of plural nouns suffixes are attached to the original ending 
of the construct plural, viz.; * ^_, which 

1) remains unchanged in the 1st masc. sing. (♦ __) and the 2d fem. 

sing. Cl* ); the * of the suffix being absorbed by the final * in the 

former case, and joined by the helping in the latter case ; 

2) is contracted into e (* ) in the 3 masc. sing, and throughout the 

plural ; 

3) loses * and lengthens a to a in the 3 masc. sing.; 

4) loses * and deflects a into e (* ) in the 2 masc. and 3 fem. sing. 

Remark 1. — *, though in fact abandoned, is often retained ortho- 
graphically. 

Remark 2. — Although * is a plural sign, suffix-forms containing it 

are appended to feminine plurals in F\\ thus making a double indication 
of the plural idea. 



76 



ELEMENTS OF HEBKEW 



68. Changes of Stem. 



2. 2) 


2. 1) 


nyj 


"Dl 


DDHSI 


(Dmn) 


'P^n 


DDH 


DD'DDn 


(D^MIT) 


•Jj?I 


P 


DCWpf 


(D'T^p.p 



1. 2 



rvniKp 
>N¥b 



i. i) 






4. 2) 



#'p1 cows? 1 . 

^5 const. 

^n_t cons?. 

?pf const. 



1) 



j/>pn aos. 
DOS) «6s. 

• T 



3. 2) 



D^^pr 



3. 1) 



mc 



: It 

5 



o^p ; 

iTD^p 
DH^' 



D¥# 






IT)! 



ft? 

jnr. 



rr^n /em. 0?n)D1m«s C . 

nJU/em. (fk|Jmasc 

D>£)N dual (fpK) t^tf sm*0. 

D^pfl p^f. ( ppH) ph sing. 



rnpp co«s?. rnpp «os. 

H/J^ cons?. H^J/ «6*. 

HJ/h cons?. nj/1 abs, 

W>py plur. tltfy sing. 



BY Afl INDUCTIVE METHOD. 77 



68. Changes of Stem. 



The stem of a noun is subject to change, (1) when the noun is in the 
construct relation with a following noun, (2) when terminations of gender 
and number are affixed, and (3) when pronominal suffixes are appended. 
These changes of stem are due principally to the shifting of the tone. 
They may be classified as follows : 

1. Before terminations of gender and number (absolute) and before mono- 
syllabic suffixes, the tone is shifted one syllable, in which case 

1) a penultimate tone-long (originally short) vowel becomes Sh e va, 
because it ceases to stand before the tone ; 

2) an ultimate tone-long (originally short) vowel is retained in the 
simple syllable before the tone. 

Remark. — In participial forms, however, an ultimate tone long be- 
comes Sh e va. 

2. Before terminations of the dual and plural construct, and before grave 
suffixes, the tone is shifted two syllables, in which case 

1) a penultimate tone-long (originally short) vowel is shortened ; 

2) an ultimate tone-long (originally short) vowel becomes Sh e va. 
Remark. — According to 2. 1), the tone-long vowel is shortened, e. g. a 

to a ; the a is often still furtner attenuated to i. 

3. Before the union- (half) vowel Sh e va, a penultimate tone-long vowel 

1) is retained in a simple syllable, in the case of^\ ; but 

2) is shortened, and stands in a half-open syllable, in the case of D^ 
and J5- 

4. In the case of the Singular of the Construct, when the tone goes for- 
ward to the next word, 

1) a penultimate tone-long vowel becomes Sh e va ; 

2) an ultimate tone-long vowel (a or e) is shortened. 

5. Certain nouns, really monosyllabic, are written and pronounced as 
dissyllables, a helping vowel e, or after a guttural a, being inserted. 
These are termed Segholates, and have their origin as follows : 

A Class. I Class. U Class. 
^Dp ^Dp 'PPp primary form ; 
*7Pp ^bp ^Dp under the tone ; 

^QD ^Pp ^^?P w * tn tne hoping vowel. 

These are peculiar in that 
1} Suffixes are appended in the sing, to the primary form ; 

2) Before the plur. endings, and before the light suffixes with the 
plur. masc, a pretonic is inserted, and the original vowel be- 
comes Sh e va. T 

3) The dual sometimes follows the analogy of the sing, suffixes, some- 
times that of the plur. endings. 

Remark. — Segholate \'y and *>"]} forms contract av and ay to 6 and e 
in the construct and before suffixes. 

6. Noun-stems from verbs JY' 1 ?, 

1) Change j"J to pf in the formation of the construct ; 

2) Reject jf before all terminations of gender and number, and be- 
fore suffixes. 

7. Noun-stems from verbs J/" J/, before a termination with initial vowel, 

1) Receive Daghesh-forte in the contracted radical, 

2) Shorten a preceding long vowel. 



78 ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 

69. Remarks on Paradigms of Masculine Nonas. 

See Paradigm 0. 

A. Declension I. 

This declension includes all so-called Segholates (see 68). The following 
explanations of the Paradigms are to be marked : 

1. Paradigms a, b, c exhibit strong forms ; the primary stems Tj^D, "lDP 
and ^~Tp, by the introduction of the helping- vowel and through the 
influence of the tone, becoming Tl^D, *^5p 5 and t^lp. 

2. Paradigms d, e,/ exhibit guttural forms ; __ is consequently used in- 
stead of as a helping- vowel. 

Remark. — It will be noted in respect to these paradigms that 

1) The Construct is the same in form as the Absolute ; 

2) Singular suffixes are appended to the primary form ; 

3) A pretonic . is inserted before the plural ending Q> . 

4) This pretonic remains before light suffixes, but is rejected in the 

T 

construct and before grave suffixes. 

5) The Dual generally follows the analogy of the plural, but some- 
times that of the light suffixes. 

3. Paradigms g, h, i exhibit )"ty and *"-%} forms, in which the primary 
forms F))!2, TV? and £01^ are contracted to j")1D> JYfr (except in the 

absolute) and £01t^- 

4. Paradigm h exhibits a ft"; form, in which the original * appears. 

5. Paradigms I, m, n exhibit J/"!/ forms, in which pp* DDK and ppf"T 

are the primary forms. Under the tone the vowels are regularly 
heightened. Before terminations beginning with a vowel, the doubling 
appears. 

B. Declension II. 

This declension includes all nouns which originally had short vowels 
in both syllables. The following explanations of the Paradigms are 
to be marked : 

1. Paradigms a, b exhibit forms of which the primary forms are (qatal) 
^Dl and DpH- Here a of the first syllable before, and a of the 

second syllable under the tone is heightened. 

2. Paradigms c, d, e exhibit forms of which the primary forms are (qatil) 
?p'f, tlj""D, an d l^ri' Here a before and l under the tone are 

heightened. 
Remark. — It will be noted in respect to these paradigms that 

1) ^"irO is, in fact, converted into a Segholate; 

2) The stem-changes are those described in 68. 

3. Paradigm ./'exhibits a form ft" 1 ), of which the primary form is (qatal) 
*ftty. Here the ft becomes ft , in the Construct, and is dropped 

- T 

before all terminations (68). 
Remark,— The original form *"]& exists by the side of ftftty, and there 
are many forms in which the ft _ has been dropped in the absolute state, 
e. g., *!♦ for mr. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 79 

C. Declension III. 

This declension includes all nouns which have an unchangeable vowel 
in the first syllable, but a tone-long (originally short) vowel in the second 
syllable : 

1. Paradigm a exhibits a form of which the primary form is (qotal) D71^/. 
Here the original short vowel is retained heightened before and under 
the tone, but is elsewhere changed to Sh e va. 

2. Paradigm b exhibits a form of which the primary form is (qotil) D^- 
Here the originally short vowel (1) is retained (or deflected to e) 
before ^],D!D an d V2 ; (2) is heightened under the tone, but (3) becomes 
Sh e va before the tone. 

3. Paradigm c exhibits a H' / form of which the primary form is (qotal) 
^in Here as above (B-3) the short vowel is entirely rejected be- 
fore all terminations. 

D. Declension IV. 

This declension includes all nouns with an unchangeable vowel in the 
second syllable. 

1. Paradigm a exhibits a form of which the primary form was (qatil) 
*"T*p5- Here the originally short vowel is rejected whenever it ceases 
to be pretonic. 

2. Paradigm b exhibits a form of which the primary form was (qatil) 
H%$. Here the final * was blended with i, but appears before addi- 
tions, protected by Daghesh-forte. 

3. Paradigm c represents all forms in which both, syllables have un- 
changeable vowels, and which consequently suffer no change. 

"70. Remarks on Paradigms of Feminine Nouns. 

1. Declension I includes all feminine Segholates : Paradigms a, b, c 
representing stems with an original a, l, u ; Paradigm d representing 
a form ]?"$ ; Paradigm e representing a Segholate form with jl- (Of. 
Infinitives Construct of verbs V'£j and V'£). 

2. Declension II includes all feminines which originally had short 
vowels in both syllables (qatalat); Paradigm a representing a regular 
form, Paradigm b a form with a guttural, Paradigm c a 'j7"7 form. 

3. Declension III includes feminine nouns with unchangeable vowel in 
first, changeable in second syllable. 

4. Declension IV includes those forms which have unchangeable vowels 
after the vowel of the first syllable has become Sh e va. 



80 ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



71. Irregular Nouns. 



There are in Hebrew several nouns which present certain peculiarities. 
The following list contains the most common of these : 

1. DN (for HDIrt) father, const. ^, with suff, ^ (my /.), ^Otf, 

V3N or Wdn, hon, ddon ; piur. nvk 

• T • T T • T V • ~: T 

2. HN (for HHK) fcro^er, etms*. TIN, with suff. 'HN (my 6. ) ^ HN, 

T V T • ~: • T I • T 

D5*nN, plur. const. >flN, DD'Htf. Plur. abs. DTlN U>./. 

impiic), m ^hn, irb&but vrra*. 

3. 111^ (for inX with Z>. /. implic), const. "HlK, /em. JlHK (for 

j~nnjSt). Plur. D^"in^ some, £Ae same. 

4. JYinN (from ninN) sister, const. r^flX, with suff. Vl'llltf • 

5. tJ>*Jtf (for fc50X attenuated from $j$) man ; plur. D*tJOi$i cows^, 

^'J^ ; seldom D^N- 

6. n#N (for ntfON), cow**. n^K (for nsm io»«a *w#. ♦neto 

t t : • v " : : • ■ : 

^^1^ ; plur. D*gO (for D'BON), cotis^. ♦{£}, roM sz#. 

t t v " : 

?• HDK maid-servant ; plur. JlinDK* cowstf. JllHD^- 

t t t -: : - 

8. JTD house, const. J"|*J) ; pfotr. D*fD (battim or bottim). D. f. dis- 
tinguishes it from DTD (il^D); const. *£0, with suff. 

9 f3 (f° r *<??' from nJ!H build), son, const. "Qi ~J5 ; w*^ *«*#% 

10. J13 (for Ji;5 fr. [5), with suff. >n? (for >Jl£»; jpZw. fftia ( a » 

if from n^3)> cowstf. Ou3- 

t t : 

11' Df"7 father-in-law, like H^- 

T T 

12. D V (for DV) day, plur. D*D* (for DW)i corcs*. *£♦, dwaZ D W- 

: t • t • t: " : • " 

13. D*0 (plur.) water, const. *£, ^O^D- 

14. TJ/ city, jp/^r. D*"l^ co?is£. ^Ij/. 

15. HiD mouth, const. *£), wiYA sw^f. ^ (my m.) ^]^$, ViD and ^TiD, 

IT£), like 3N ; plur. D>5 and piVB- 

T • T 

16. £>>0 (for #jn = #*0), p?wr. O^'frT) (for D Wn) cons*. ^iO- 



BY AN" INDUCTIVE METHOD. 81 

72. Numerals. 

See Paradigm N. 

A. Cardinals. 

1. The numeral IfTX one is an adjective, standing after and agreeing 

T V 

with its noun. 

2. The numeral D^C is a noun, used either in the appositional or con- 
struct relation with the word which it enumerates, and agreeing with it. 

3. The numerals from three to ten are abstract feminine substantives, 
used in appositional construction with the nouns which they enumer- 
ate. The feminine form was the original one and is used with 
masculine nouns ; the masculine is a shorter form used with femi- 



4. The numerals from eleven to nineteen are formed by uniting *)t^J7 or 

T T 

il~\V?fy ten with the units, viz : with the construct form of one and 
two, but with the absolute form of the others . 

5. The numerals thirty to ninety are formed by adding the masc. plur. 
ending Q* to the units, but twenty (D*"")i^i^) is the plural of ten 

6. The units are added to the tens by means of \, in the earlier books 
preceding the tens, in later books following them. 

7. The units take the noun in the plural ; the tens, when before it, take 
the noun in the singular, when after it, in the plural. 

8. The numerals eleven to nineteen take the noun in the plural, except in 
the case of a few very common nouns like day, man, etc. 

B. Ordinals. 

1. The ordinal first is flt^O (from £>>0, head). 

2. The ordinals from two to ten are formed from the corresponding 
cardinals by means of the termination *> _; another * _ being in- 
serted between the second and third consonants. 

3. Above ten, cardinals are used for ordinals. 

4. The feminines of the ordinals are used to express fractional parts. 



82 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



XII. Separate Particles. 

73. Adverbs. 







1. 1) 


J7HD why f 

yw no] 

Tr)^t2/f2from above 


DJftK ) D3H gratuitously. 
T : '• f really. T ' 

DKilB suddenly. DDV % day. 
Dfcy?^' ^e day before yesterday. 


*^ where ? 

T 

K^ WO*. 

T 




2. 3) 


2. 2) 


2. 1) 


nt /ice. 
HJjn hither. 
£>7^' tfm'ce. 

T 

J/!2^ sevew times. 


ni)WW\ formerly. 

T 

m^ /5^ wonderfully 

t : • 


n^nrr much. 

D3^H ear??/. 
^nD speedily. 


""JJO very. 
T^lf? abroad 
*07 alone. 
H^5P within 












"M 



>an 



P 



74. Prepositions. 



3. 


2. 


i. 


nn*t 


nw 


rinDD./^^ under. 


1HK behind. 


^ 


^??p 


■ ]fcbfrom. 


7^N cfose Z>2/. 


♦tvqod 


^n 


*%£fr before. 


?*3 between. 


Qtr^x 


♦rfar 


^7 according to. 


"tj/^ about. 


ijiN 


V3 


r\W\p7 toward. 


/]} upon. 


mN 


*»J 


V^3 without. 


nnn under. 



75. 


Conjunctions. 




3. 


2. 


1. 


*")t#N H/* because that. 
ii&k SflN fltffer *fta*. 

*3 3pJ^ because that. 


7^ ?es£. 
^K £/ia£ ?io£. 
D"1CD^ before that. 


'3 *te. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 83 

XII. Separate Particles. 

73. Adverbs. 

1. Adverbs, proper, may be classified as follows : 

1) Those which may be termed primitive, originally related to pro- 
nominal roots ; 

2) Those which are formed by appending terminations, Q and Q . 

T 

3) Those which are formed by composition. 

2. Other parts of speech are, at times, used as adverbs : 

1) Nouns, either alone or when used with prepositions. 

2) Infinitives absolute. 

3) Adjectives, especially in the feminine. 

4) Pronouns and numerals. 

3. Certain adverbs, involving a verbal idea, take suffixes and in some 
cases, Nun Epenthetic. 

74. Prepositions. 

1. Prepositions are, in most cases, derived from nouns : 

1) They are simple ; 

2) They are compound, made up of 

(1) Two prepositions ; or 

(2) A preposition with a noun, an infinitive, or an adverb. 

2. Prepositions are combined with suffixes, after the analogy of singular 
nouns. 

Remark. — For the union of the Inseparable Prepositions with suffixes 
see Paradigm R. 

3. Some prepositions take suffixes after the analogy of plural nouns. 

Remark. — jljtf the preposition is to be distinguished from JIN the sign 
of the definite object. 

75. Conjunctions. 

Conjunctions are to be classified, in reference to their origin as follows : 

1. Those which were originally pronouns ; 

2. Those which were originally substantives ; 

3. Those which were originally prepositions. 

Remark. —) and is perhaps to be derived from a stem meaning to join. 



PARADIGMS. 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



Paradigm A. The Personal 



Nominative of the Pronoun or 


G-enitive of the Pronoun, or £«$jx o/ 


Separate Pronoun. 


tfAe Noun (possessive Pron.) 




With Nouns 


With Nouns 




Singular. 


Plur. and Dual. 


Sing. 1. com. *^X, i n pause 


♦ my (prop. Gen. 


* my. 


♦DJN; ♦!& in pause 


met). 




UK/. 

■ -IT 








fm.nnN(n«)ini 


?),?]_, in | 


IV 1 




2. < 


pause HJlN } thou. 


P " M Vf(& 


► %. 




/. Jin oriN). j 


}?MVJ 


TV J 


f m. Kin Ac- 

1 


in.T; in^Krt) 


V_, 1__, *& 


1 


fos (c/ws and suus). 




J/. K»n«Ae. 


n ; tt_ ; n_ *«•■ 

T T T JV 


H* Aer. 


PZwr. 1. com. UPON (UPO), 

: J : : j~ 


U;^OU_W. 


^* owr. 


(Mg) w«. 






( w. on** ) 


DD; DD-) 


DD'_) 


2 (/• lf!«.nijWr 


i?;t?.r 0Mr 


p,_ jiwr. 


»i 




DH ; D_ ) 




> fffalV. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 

Pronoun and Pronominal Suffixes. 



87 



Accusative of the Pronoun, or Suffix of the Verb 









By 


itself. 


^ 


\3_; 


■ -i 


_ me. 






*P 


^, 


in p. 


*ff 


^ 


i 

\ thee. 


* 


V 


*h 


■^ 


- 


\ 


nn, i ; t 


u (rt), i 

T 


r 


' him. 


T 


PL; 

T 


T J' 


_ Aer. 






«; 


-IT 


U T 


_ WS. 






00 


; D0- 


-) 








»■' 


15-r 


• >you. 






(OH), D ; 


0- 

T 


_,CU 


_ ; 


V J 


<in 


M-1 


-1 


-— ; 


r- 


them. 



With Nun demonstrative. 



'J_, ♦!_ 



not found. 

: v J. - 

Hi- 

T V 



These forms 
do not 
occur. 



88 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 

Paradigm B. 



The Strong 



Qal 


Hithpael. 


Hoph'al. 




Middle 0. Middle E. 


Hiph'il. 


bbp 

nbvp 
r&bp 
nbvp 
>nbtip 

ortep 
]r\%p 
u%p T 


bvp 

nbvp 
n%p 

t : j-Jt 

&C. 


bqpnn 
nbbpnri 

n%pnri 

n^pnn 
* *r\%pnn 

ibfcpnn 
aribbpnn 

\r66pnri 


^pn 

ribbph 

)bfcpn 

oebbpn 

]nbtDph 

: J- | : x 


bwpn 
nbwpn 

ribppn 

ftbbpb 
'r\%pn 
&bpn 
nnbbprt 
]nb6pn 
^bpn 




Vicop 
(btgp)bbp 


frbpnrr) 

^pw 


wanting 


btQpn 
b'bpn 




bW 

'btifi 

66p 

&%p 


^tDpnn 

^©pnii 

fabpnn 

n^gpnn 


wanting 


btopn 

'b'ftpn 

&tgpii 

nfibpn 


&c. 


btop* 
btDpn 

bbprs 

*>bbpr\ 

bbpx 

nfivpn 

ibhpn 

n^copn ! 

' ''if* ' i 

^9pJ 1 


bvpnn 
bbpnn 
'bvpnn 
bbpnx 

nibtspnr) 

hbpm 

n^opnn 


btop* 
btopfi 
bbph 

'bbpn 
%pk 
ibtipi 

npvpn 
fobpn 

rr^tbpri 

bop} 


b'tDpy 

bwp'r\ 

b'tDpn 

"bwpn 

b'bpk 

fytip* 

npripn 

fobpii 

n^ppn 

T ^Pp^ 




ibiDp) \ 


bvpnn 


btgpp 


bvp® 






nbvpnx 




bBpi 

ftb'tgpx 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



89 



Verb. 



Pu'aL 


Piel. 


Niph'al. 


Qal. 






bop 
nbop 
n%p 
r\bop 
m%p 

nnbtop 
\t\%p 
v%p 


bop 

nbop 

nbop 

hbop 

'nbop 

6op 

nnbup 

\n%p 
ti$pp 


bop: 

nbop: 

nbop: 

nbop: 

>n%p: 

)bop: 

nnb£p: 

\nbop: 


bop 
nbop 
nbop 
nbop 

ti£p 
nnbbp 

]nbop 

1 


Sg. 3 m. 
3/. 

2/ 

lc. 

P/. 3 c. 

2 m. 

2/ 

lc. 


i 

V 
-eg 

r ;- 

w 

- 


btep 

(bop) 


(b®p)btep 

bop 


{ bbp:) bbpn 
bopn 


■flop 

bop 


const. } £ 


wanting 


bop bopn 

'bop 'bopn 

t>op ibbpn 

tvbtop n^bbrin 

t : j-J- t : j-|t • 


bop 

'bop 

t>op 

n:b'pp 


£#. 2 7)i. 1 ^ 

2 / i 

-«. 2 m. j' | 
2/ J J 


bop' 
bopti 

bopn 
'btofin 

bopx 

t>op\ 

n:bopn 

nptopn 


bop' 
bopn 
boph 
'bopn 
bopk 
)bop' 

npopn 
h&pn 

nibopn 


b^ 
btDph 

bopn 

bbpx 

)bop' 
n:bppn 

n:bbpn 


bop' 
bbph 
bbpn 
'boph 
bbpx 

n:bbpn . i 

)bopn 

n:b'ppn 

Tl ?bp: 


&£•. 3 m. 

3/. 

2 m. 

2/ 

lc. 
PI. 3 m. 

3/. 

2 m. 

2/ 

lc. 


• 

-** 


btopt? 


b®pt? 


btgp: 


bop 

-HDJ3 

i 


oef. )| 

pass. ^ £4 








nbpp^ j 


Juu.sive j *j 

c„u- f . tf 



90 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 

Paradigm C. Strong Verb 



3 pi. f . 


3 pi. m. 


2 pi. f. 


2 pi. m. 


1 pi. c. 


tm 


D^lDp 

t t |: 


[ P^P ] 


D^pp 


-it t | : 


jrbtop 


ortop 


wanting 


wanting 


ll^Dp 










wrtep 


prtep 


D>rf?E)p 


\ynbiop 


oyritop 




p^p 


D^Dp 


anting 


wanting 


i^cop 

-J t| .- 


prftep 
P^3f? 


Din^p 

DU^p 


R^P 


D^tDp 


iwtep 


f^P 


D^Cpp 


[|3^p] 


DJ^pp 


u^p 


tm 


D^Cpp 




: : |t ( 
D ?^P J 


J- : It 




D ^?i? 




• 


^PP 


t?w 


Dt ?*?i?. 


fi^i* 


a ^?W 


^B'p? 


P^?j?fl 


Dl^pp' 

D^tppn 


R^p? 


D^ftpp? 




T>cpi? 


D ^P 


P^P 


Drfpej? 


w^pp 


l^Ppn 


D^ppn 


f5^tj?pn 


to^pn 


lyrppn 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



91 



with Suffixes. 



3 sg. f . 


3 sg. m. 


2 sg. f . 


2 sg. m. 


1 sg. c. 




rf7tpp 

t -i- t | : 

nr^Dp 

T 'T^P 
rnn^p 


-it t|: I 

i^p) 
inn^cpp ) 

irrn^Dp ; 
irVpop J 

vn'ptop 




T#?&p 


• :-i-t|: 

^topl 


Qal 
3 m. 

3 /• 
2 m. 

2 / 

1 c. 
PIS c. 

2 m. 
1 c] 


* 

* 


n ^p 


i^p 


fai? 


^ 


*%®f? 


Sg. 3 m. )*! 


^Pp 


i^p 


^P 




^p( 


Construct ?- a 




J" : | t 






tfjJPj? 


Sg'. 2 m. 1 | 


n #9P v 
nV^tpp? 

rnStppn 








^§*?p! 

o^tppr) 


&#. 3 m. 1 

WithNun 
Epenihet. 

PI. 3 m. 

2 /•- 


• 

& 

B 


n ^?P 


fr^p 


TteP 


n^P 


^ep 


5J7. 3 m. * Ph 


rfrppn 


i^Ppn 


H^Ppn 


^tppn 


♦4*?9pn 


Hiph'ii i «g 

/&7. 3 m. » (S 



92 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 





D. 


Verb Pe CD) Guttural. 






Hoph'al. 


Hiph'il. 


Niph'al. 


Qal. 




- *t: |t 


^Wfl 


^. 


^pj; 


$<7. 3 m. 




t : *T |T 


t J- "v: |v 


^?#j). 


t : |t 


3/ 




n^pyn 


rftpyrr 


n 1 ?^. 


fi^JJ 


2 m. 




pbvyn 

: : - *t: |t 


J? 1 ?^! 


^?MJ. 


P^^ 


2/. 


45 


'n'ppyn 


♦li^bj^i 


^ l ?^ 1 ?. 


^^JJ 


lc. 




: t |t 


^h%u 


ftpj^. 


^PJf T 


PZ. 3 c. 


& 


Df? 1 ?^ 


DJ-^pyn 


Dn^D^p. 


ori?®v. 


2 m. 




i^Wi 


jr^pyn 


fe?e% 


\tf7to3l. 


2/. 




yfy&tu 


jj^tDj/n 


wtoijji 


yfybjl 


lc. 




^VT) 


teJS? 


^1B££ 


btey r 


a6s. ) a 




^p#h 


•• *T |" 


bb% 


const. ) m 




■?ei?$ 


^e?n 


^tejl ^hy 


£#. 2 m. : 


. 


wanting 


>>9#n 


^EJJIttJ 


fypy ^py 


2/. 


•FN 

"5 




ty!?)8? 


ta?J|JSJ 


topy 'frptf 


PI. 2 m. 


y ** 

^ 




n£>fc#i 


n^D^n 


nAb£ fi&iptf 


2/. j 
Sg. 3 m. ? 


a 


■»& 


yp#;_ 


*?w£ 


^p^; v ^bj^ 




- "t: |t 


^P## 


!?&?$ 


^pjttl ^bj^n 


3/. 




-*t: |t 


^e£ip 


"'p^P 


toj$j ^bjm 


2 m. 




^pjm 


'^pJBp 


^PJ^ri 


^pyn typrp 


2/. 




^j;n 


^pj#< 


:^S1# 


tojrtjt ^b#K 


lc. 


<*> 


^y i7 


frgjj^ 


^PJp. 


^Pi£ i^p^_ 


PZ. 3 m. 


0.' 

p. 


ri^p#ri 


n^pyn 


rr^pyn 


natojaji n^b^n 


3/. 


s 


: t |t 


^♦jpjyp 


^pjp 


^pyn ftp#p 


2 m. 




t : -*>: |t 


n^tpj;n 


n^5Jjp 


t :-J-*V: |v t : J •=: |- 


2/ 




^ 


^J^ 


^5. 


^pjtt bb%}_ 


lc. J 


■rpj^ 




btiy 


act. ) +j 


r *r: |t 




*«>. 


"w^ 


c J 3 

jsass. ) fin 


to#,! 






Jussive ) *a 




n^aajc 




tf?W$ 


Cohort. ) 


H" 4 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



93 



Paradigm E. Verb Ayin (']}) Guttural. 



Hithpaei. Piial. 


Pfel. 


Niph'al. 


Qal. 




bxpnn 

n'pNpnn 
ri^pnn 
v^Nprn 

arfrxpnn 

)t>^pnn 


^Np 
rf?#p 
n^jp 
fl&p 

otfajp 

f#?Kp 
tfjwp 


^p 

tf?8p 
tfixp 
tf?hp 
>ri?xp 

% 

on^Np 

fOtep 
'tfpgp 


n^pJ 
9&pJ 

^Sp; 
^kp^ 

ftfTtfpJ 


^P 

r^Np 

t : J7 |t 

ri?xp 

on^p T 
l#?**p 

^Kp 


Sg. 3 m. 

3/. 

2 m. 

2/. 

lc. 
PZ. 3 c. 

2 m. 

2/. 


■ u 
P-i 


^pi?n 


wanting 


^P 




^IKp 




^p/?n 

n^Npnn 

t : j-|t : • 


wanting 


^p 

^Kp 

**& 

t ; -i-)r 


^pn 
'^tpn 

rr^Npn 

t: j-|t • 


^Kp 

"?«P- 

^P- 

n^Kp 


/$#. 2 m. 

2/. 
PL 2 m. 

2/. 

aS^. 3 m. ' 
3/. 

2 m. 
2/. 
lc. 
P£. 3 m. 
3/. 
2 m. 
2/. 
1* j 


• 


^Kpbn 

^^p^n 
^pnn 

fc^pnn 

t: j-|t : • 


^Npfi 

^pn 

^Npn 

n^?Kpfi 
T ^pJ 


^KpA 

^Npfi 
>^pri 
^p^ 

rri^pii 

T ^Npn 
n^^pn 


^Np! 

^pn 
^NpP 

^pV 

rn'pNpn 
i^pri 

t : J- It • 
"?»PJ 


l *p! 

^Npn 
^pn 

^Npfl 

^P^ 

n^^pn 

T ^Npri 

n^Kpn 

T '^pj 


>* 

o 


^Nprp 


■»*p9 


^P? 


^ 


^Np 


act. ) +s 
_pa.55. j) — 










i^Np! 


With ) <£ 
Suffixes \S 



94 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



F. Verbs Lamedli ( '*?) Guttural. 



Hithpa'eL 


Hiph'il. 


Pi'el. 


Niph'al. 


Qal. 


1 


napnn 


rropn 


nap 


nap; 


nap 


Sg. 3 m. 




nnapnn 


nn^cppn 


nnap 


nnap; 


nnap 

t : | |t 


3/. 




nnapnn 


nnapn 


nnap 


nnap; 


nna_p 


2 m. 




pnapnn 


finapn 


nnap 


nnap; 


nnap 


2/ 


■+S 


'nnap/in 


>nnapn 


^fiap 


>nnap; 


'nnap 


lc. 




inapnn 


in*apn 


map 


map; 


map 


j PI. 3 c. 


s- 


onnapnn 


orinapn 


onnap 


onnap; 


onnap 


2 m. 




f$napr>n 


Jflnapn 


jnnap 


I^nap; 


fnnap 


2/ 




uriapnn 


WTOpil 


wrop 


unap; 


unap 


lc. , 




— 


TOpD 


nap 


nap; 


man 


abs. ) A 
const. ) £ 


nap_nn 


TOpD 


nop 


napn 


nap 


napnn 


napn 


nap 


napn 


nap 


Sg. 2 m. ' 


• 


>napnn 


•TOpD 


'nap 


♦napn 

• : 1 |t • 


'nap 


2/. 


1 


inapnft 


*nnppn 


map 


mapn 


inap 


PL 2 m. 




mnapnn 


njnapn 


n^nap 


njnapn 


n:nap 


2f. 

Sg. 3 m. 


napn? 


rrop! 


nap* 


nap* 


nap? 




napnn 


TOpfi 


napn 


napn 


napn 


3/. 




napnn 


n*apn 


napn 


napn 


napn 


2 m. 




♦nqpnn 


w&pn 


>napn 


'napn 


'napn 


2/. 




nap™ 


TOpK 


napN 


napK 


napN 


lc. 


« 

£ 


iiropn? 


IfTDp! 


inap> 


map* 


map? 


PL 3 wi. 




ronapnn 


n^napn 


mnapn n^napn 

t : -i- I - : 1 


n^napn 


3/. 


A 


inapnn 


wapn 


inapn 


inapn 

: | |t ■ 


inapn 


2 m. 




mnapnn 


ronapn 


njnapn 


mnapn 


ninapn 


2/. 




napn; 


TOpJ 


napJ 


nap; 


nap; 


lc. 




napiip 


n>apa 


napD 




nap 


act. ) +5 

i 

pass. ) Ph 




™?p^ 


map 


TOpJ 








Jussive ) *$ 




' 






'Wj?.i 


W. suff. 


)A 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



95 





Paradigm G. 


Verb Pe Nun (\"i 


D). 




Hoph'al. 


Hipirii. 


Niphal. 


Qal. 






bvn 


b^n 


bm 


bw 




$<7. 3 ??i. 




nb®n 


nb^n 


nbm 


etc. 




3/. 




nb®n 


r\b®n 


rto 






2 m. 




ftbw 


nb®n 


nbtDS 






2/ 


-4-5 


Tten 


>rten 


'ft 1 ?®} 


regular 


U 


0> 


ftcpn 


&®n 


to 






PZ. 3 c. 


Ph 


pri^rr 


nnbtQn 


orto 






2 m. 




\n%?) 


]ftb®n 


jrto 






2/. 






i^gr? 


: j- ■ 






lc. j 




bt$ii 


bton 


bbzn 


b')vu 


b')m ' 


a&s. ) j5 
const. ) & 


%n 


b^n 


bwn 


bb} 


nto 




btoti 


bvnn 


^bj 


bo 


£#. 2 m. ' 






ty®n 


ton 


to 


^63 


2/. 


~S3 


wanting 


i^arr 


ton 


to 


^£0 


PI. 2 m. 






t : i-i" - 


rabbin 

t : J - t • 


nto 

t : -J : 


t : J- 


2/. 
%. 3 m. ' 


d 


bw. 


*W 


bw 


^b> 


^ 




btoft 


s^n 


bvxr\ 


^bn 


. b®)?\ 


3/. 




bm 


■w 


btizn 


^bn 


bm 


2 m. 




'bvn 


tytsn 


*blDX\ 


^tsn 


♦ton 


2/. 




bm 


^BN 


bvtix 


*?bK 


bm 


lc. 




^D? 


tfW 


^P,|! 


£&♦ 


)bw 


PZ. 3 m. 




nptD_r\ 


n^tsn 


Ttib6x\ 


ntoi rbbtofi 


3/. 


a 


)b®f) 


fttsn 


' \bhlr\ 


)bm 


*bm 


2 m. 




Tiptop 


rrfran 


tiptop) 


nfAsn mbm 


2/ 




bm 


b>m 


bm 


b'm 


bw 


lc. 






b^t2 




bvh 






btoo 




T • 


bm 

T 




pass. ) tk 




bw 








Jussive ( %, 








nbm 

t : v 




Cohort. 


;a 



96 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



Paradigm H. Verb Ay in (y) 



Hithpo'el. 


Po'al. 


Po'el. 


Hoph'al. 


ntppipiin 
nvwpnn 
ripp'iprn 
>npo'ipnn 
)®ti)pr\n 
Dfippiprin 
]r)Qti)pnn 
upiD'iprn 


top'p 

HDpIp 

npoip 
ncpp'ip 
>npp'ip 

IDp'lp 

Dflpp'lp 

JflPP'lp 

wpertp 


Dp'lp 

ntppip 
npD'ip 
npp'ip 

TlpDlp 

itop'ip 

Dflpp'lp 
[Jl&p'lp 

upcoip 


Dprr 

ntopin 
Ttopjn 

Dtftopin 
fritopin 
tffeppm 


vti)pnn 


Dp'1p 


DD'lp 

tocp'ip 


Bptfl 


Dp'ipnn 

♦ppiprn 

^pipnn 

n:pt3'ipiin 


wanting 


Dp'lp 
IDDIp 

ruDb'ip 

t : J" | 


wanting 


Dp'lp;? 

cop'ipjin 
Dp'ipnn 
>pp'ipnn 
Bp'ipW 

itop'ipn' 

rnpg'ipnn 

WpipJin 

n^Dipr»ri 

T bfripry 


Dp'lp* 
Dp'lpn 

ppipri 

♦ptpipp 

Dp'lp^ 

!|Dc ? v, i?! 

rrJDp'ipii 
rupgnpri 

T btflpj 


cop'ip; 

DD'Ipn 

Bp'ipfl 

WtD)p$ 

Dp"1pK 

itopip* 

rupaipii 

T iDpipn 

nwp)p$ 


(Dpp DpV 

Dpm 

♦pptti 

Bpw 

rrygpta 

T# iDp_m 
nrgpm 


Dp'ip^p 


DD'lpO 


Dp'lpp 


DpID 











BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



97 



Doubled yy\ 



Hiph'il. 


Niph'al. 


Qal. 




Dpn 


BDpJ 


Dp 


Sg. 3 m. 




nopn 


rrDpj 


HDp 


3/ 




n'iDpn 


ntew 


niDp 


2 m. 




ntepn 


ntopj 


n'iDp 


2/. 


r' 


vtiDpn 


'rviDpj 


vyiDp 


lc. 




ffi|3T? 


HSpJ 


IDp. 


PZ. 3 c. 


Sm 


ocftspn 


ontepj 


orrtDp 


2 m. 




fi-htsprr 
tfiDprr 




jrtep 

^'1Dp' 


2/. 
lc 




D P0 


Dipn 


DIDp 


abs. ) £ 


&P0 


Dpn 


^P 


const. ) & 


»P0 


Dpn 


Dp 


*5&. 2 m. * 


® 


*t?pn 


♦Dpn 


^P 


2/. 


•FN 

Is 




iDpn 
n^Dpn 


IDp 


PZ. 2 m. 

2/ 

Sg.3m. 1 


s 


(Dpi) COp* 


op! 


Dp* Dp' 




^PO 


Dpn 


Dpn tDpr\ 


3/. 




D P0 

1 PP.n 


Dpn 
'tipn 


Dpn tDpn 
*ppn 'Dpn 


2 m. 
2/. 




op* 


DpN 


DpN DpN 


lc. 




nrDp^i 

iDpn 

wppri 


^P_? 

rr^gpn 

T iopn 
n^Dpn 

~DpJ 


IDp' 1Dp T ' 

njtppn n^Dpn 

iDpn T iDpn 

njDpn nyvpn 

t : |j • t -jv r- : 

DpJ tip) 


PZ. 3 m. 

3/. 
2 m. 
2/ 
lc. 


^ 
a 

a 








»po 




Dt?p 


act. j| 




*jM 


DIDp 


pass. ) &H 


DfTL 




w*\ 


W.^conv. 


!* 


^§p! 




^W: 


W. suff. 


^ 



98 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



Verb Pe Yodh (♦"£). 



Hoph'al. 


Hiph'il 

(orig. V'3). 


Niph'al. 


Qal 

(orig-. V'3). 




rfptpi.n 
nbmn 
r)bwn 
^nbwn 

: J - 


b'd)n 

QFib&n 
ttbp)ti 


: -i - 


- T 

etc. 
regular 


aS'^. 3 m. 

3/. 

2 m. 

2/. 

1c 
PZ. 3 c. 

2 m. 

2/. 

lc. 


+3 


bmn 


bti)n 

bwn 


wanting 


b)w b'w ' 

bb> ' nbp 


abs. ) J 
const. ) £J 


wanting 


bti)n 


b\Q)n 
rvbmrt 

t : -i _ t • 


bw : bD 

t : J - : t : J" 


Sg. 2 m. 
2/. 

PZ. 2 m. 
2/. 

^.3m. > 

3/. 

2 m. 

2/. 

lc. 
PZ. 3 m. 

3/. 

2 m. 

2/. 

lc. 


1 


btQV 

btom 

bmn 

bmx 
T Vbu 


bw 
b%)n 
bwn 


■jew 

" T - 

etc. 
regular 


^n bm 

bwn bm 

b&x bm 
)b®» £>ty. 

\bh^ \bm 

nzbwr) nfrpn 

T 'bm T 'bw 


■s 

i 

1 


T 


'TD'ID 


bm 


bw 
bw 

T 


ci 

pass. ) Hi 




V J - 




b&) 


With ) £ 
*) Conv. ) m 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



9£ 



J. VerbPe 


> Aleph (K"S). 


Paradigm I. 


Niph'al. 


Qal. 


Hiph11(prop. >"£) 


Qal (prop. v '£) 


Same as the verb 
Pe Gruttural. 


~ T 

Same as the verb 
Pe Gruttural. 


nb^n 


_ T 

etc. 






^nbwn 


regular 






*frwn 








DFbwri 














b'MDX 


bwn 


b'w 




^ 


bwn 


bb\ 




^bK 


bwn 


bw 




♦toN 


fywn 


*bw 




fttM* 


frwn 


)bw 




ro^bN 

t : -i _ : 


t : J" 


rub® 4 * 

T ; j- : 




6totf) bm 4 * 


y&» 


■?o" 




bvm 


bwn 


^n 




bvm 


bwn 


^n 




'bbxri 


tyewi 


^co^n 




bm 


bwx 


tow 




)bvx] 


J|^t3 w 


ito* 




rtibvm 


n^tD»n 


rotovi 




)bmr) 


ft'EMl 


ito*n 




nibvm 


nAgM) 


ruto'n 




bto*ti 


*wj 


tou 




btix 


*WQ 


to* 




b*\m 

T 




bw 




bv&) 


«?BW| 


to"1 




j- 




to*jl 



100 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



Paradigm K. Verb Ay in Vav (\y) 



Polal. 


Polel. 


Hoph'al. 


Hiph'il. 


^1p 

r£b')p 

t: ll 

etc. 


bb)p 
orWip 

ir»^'ip 
ufe'ip 


nbpin 
n^jjirr 

♦ii^pJin 

#•7 

ori^pin 

[j^pin 

u^pin 


^pn 

rfrpn 

O^P? 
fiVrpn 

Trf?*pD 

frp6 

Dji'^pn 

ftffrpD 

uYrpn 




Wp 


^pin 


^P? 
^P0 


wanting 


^•ip 


wanting 


^PO 

^po 

^p.6 

rr^pn 

t : |j-t 


bb)p?\ 

etc. 


??"ip? 

*#ipp 

^'ipn 

'^pfl 

roWipfl 

i9?'ipn 
n^pm 

T '^p-? 


■?pv 

^pin 
^pin 
^pm 
■jpw 
t>pv 

V?pin 

n^pjn 

T ^ 


^p: 

^p? 

^'po 

nfrpn 

i^pri 

rr^pn 

*pJ 


Wip? 


^P? 


■jpo 


■?'po 








^p: 
■?p»i 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



101 



and Ayin Yodh (>"#). 








Niph'a). 


Qal (V'JT). 


Qal (")"#)• 




"flpj 


^P 


^P ^P 


iSjy. 3 m. 


rt?VA 


rf?p T 


rfrp. n^p r 


3/. 




nftipi 


rfrpi 


n>p_ n^p_ 


2 m. 




ntopj 


etc. 


n*7p n^p 


2/. 


+2 


*n^pi 




*rftp_ ^n'pp 


lc 




)b)pj 




^p- ^ji 


PZ. 3 c. 


& 


onfripi 




on^p on^p 


2 m. 








P?>P ft>P 

^p_ i^p_ 


2/ 
1ft 




^pn 


V 


*P 


a&s. ) ^ 


Vipn 


*P 


^p • 


const. ) 5 


^pD 


*p 


*p 


/%. 2 m. ' 


• 
4) 


^pn 


,I ?'il 


>l ^P 


2/ 




i^pn 


^j3 


^D 


PZ. 2 m. 




rr^pn 




"£j2 


2/. 


.9 


^p! 


^'p! 


^p: 


iSTjgr. 3 m. 1 


'ripn 


^P? 


^pn 


3/. 




Vipn 


*j?J? 


^pri 


2 m. 




^pn 


^i2o 


^pn 


2/. 




■flpX 


^p» 


*npN 


lc. 


"8 


frip> 


^ii 


^p: 


PI 3 m. 




n^'ipn 


n^pn 


rr^ipn 


3/. 


£ 


fapri 


i^pO 


V^pn 


2 m. 




rtfnpn 


nr^pn 


ra^pfi 


2/ 




^'ipj 


*P» 


*pi 


lc. j 


"rtpj 


^p ^p 


*p 


ac£. ) +5 




^p: 


^p: 


Jussive ) *a 




l&i 


^ ^PU 


TT. 1 C072S. 


1 NH 



102 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



Paradigm L. Verb 



Hithpa'el. 


Hoph'al. 


Hipii'il. 


Pii'al. 


ntpprin 

nrippnn 

iTOprn 

rvtspnn 

vraprn 

[iTapnn 
WBpiir? 


rrDpn 
rrn^pn 

rrtopn 

t J J: t 

mjpr? 

wgpO 

itoprr 

10-epO 

wppn 


ntopn 

nnppn 
cn^irbpr? 

(iT_)n^pn 

w-j wgpn 

(D^^QJTPpn 

wtpprr 


npp 
nncpp 

T -l|\ 

n*Bp 
*^9p 

D?V©p 

W£p 


n'Bppn 


™po 

nroprr 


nippn 
n'iDpn 


rtep 


fi8?pw 
♦eprtn 

voprn 
nrgpi-n 


wanting 


ntopn 

*&po 

iDpn 


wanting 


nt?pri^ 
rrc?prtii 
mppjin 

♦DpJlfi 

neppg 

rapri! 

nygpiw 

T iDpi"in 

n^5?piin 

n^)p™ 


nepi 

rwppn 

nppn 
>9pfl 

n 9P** 

^pi 

rrygpii 

ttjpn 


ntop! 
nepn 

nep0 

'PpP 

nypN 

VOp! 

n:;Dpn 

T iDpri 

nrgpn 

nbj?J 


HLDpn 

nepp 

v t?pn 
nt?px 

rrygpp 
T ^pp 

nygpp 
nbpj 


nepro 


rnppo 


rrepe 


nepo 


BpW 




Bp! 





BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



Lamedh He (tl"% 



FTel. 


Niph'al. 


Qal. 




nvp 


nopj 


Hipp 


5b. 3 m. : 




rrntDp 


n o^ 


rinop 

T : | |-r 


3/. 




or&p)m?p 


rvbj7J 


] 7^P 


2 m. 




n*ep 


n^pJ 


n^p 


2/ 


• 
+2 


wtpp 


vv&p.) 


WBp 

■ -I' It 


1 & 


«2 


Bp 


ncDpj 


^P 


PZ. 3 c. 


P-i 


OiTEDp 


Dj?ppj 


Dj ?9p 


2 m. 




lO^P 


I J 7^P^ 


10'Pp 


2/. 




Wgp 


wgpJ 


WDp 


1ft , 




(npp) nbp 


rrbpj 


nbp 




ntop 


niDpn 


nitop 


const. ) 5 


rrep 


ntppn 


nep 


$#. 2 m. 


2 


>9p 


•&pn 


*Pp 


2/. 




ntsp 


iDpn 


1£0p 


PI. 2 m. 


> £ 
& 


n ^9.p 


rrrtopn 

T JV| T • 


rr^jpp 


2/. 

*3m. * 


M 


n ?P! 


. nap* 


nep! 




fWptf 


ntppn 


ntopn 


3/. 




nc?pjn 


ntppn 


nopp 


2 m. 




^pp 


♦Dpri 


♦bpin 


2/. 




n&pa 


nc?pN 


nc?p^ 


lc. 


IS 


1t3p! 


«fe 


ibp! 


PI. 3 m. 




ftwgpfl g 


nrcopn 

T -IV |t ■ 


nrcopn 

t J / J: 


3/. 


£ 


itspii ' 


itopn 


vopn 


2 m. 




rrwspn 

t -iv | - : 


ro'topn 

t -IV |t • 


rrrgpn 


2/. 




nepj 


rrepj 


T n®p$ 


lc. 


1 


n^pp 




HDp 


ac*. )| 




nepJ 


•WJ3 


pass. ) Ph 


top 4 ' 


Dpi 


Dp* 


Jussive ) *£ 


^P! 




W 


TF. «i#. 


s 



104 ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 

Paradigm M. Verb L.amedh. Aleph. (N" 1 ?). 



Hithpael. Hiph'il. 


Pi'el. 


Niph'al. 


Qal. 


1 


mp_nn N'ppn 


*9p 


N&pJ 


KDp 

T | T 


Sg. 3 m. 




naipprin 


nwroppr? 


nKQp 


nKppJ 


fiNBp 

t : IJt 


3/. 




rwibpnri 


n^topn 

t J* - | : • 


n«tsp 


riKap:) 

t -i - | : • 


map 

T -It|t 


2 m. 




nK©pfir? 


nKDpn 


HNC?p 


riKCDpJ 


T J T 


2/. 


■£ 


♦nKBpflii 


♦nxtDpn 


TlKgp 


'fiNBPJ 


V)N£Dp 

-II |T 


lc. 




wcpprn 


wfcpn 


W$p 


1N£3p3 


Wt ?f?T 


PJ. 3 & 




DJ^pJTT? 


ojTNepn 


djin@p 


DriNDp^ 


D^NOp T 


2 m. 




fi^pfiri 


[jiaepn 


IWCpp 


lO^Pp^ 


!0 K£ ?F 


2/. 




WKgpnn 


UKtppn 


UNEp 


iJNBpJ 


-IT |t 


abs. 




wanting 


Wjpn 


Nbp 


Nbp^ 


K'ICOp 


1 » 
' S3 


xvpnn 


wpprt 


N^p 


Ktopn 


NDp 


const. ) jS 


NBpJifr 


Ntppn 


NDp 


Ntopn 

" It ' 


m$ 


*.2m. j j 


^Dpnrr wtipn 


w?p 


WBpn 

• : 1 |t • 


wpp 


2/. || 


M9pW 


iN^pn 


wep 


■ I|T • 


wpp 


PZ. 2 m. f 1. 


r?»K)pnn ! roNBpn 

t j-.-l - : • j t -iv| : - 


rowgp 


T Jv|t * 


rr^Dp 


KBJ5W N*pp! 


N9p? 


N6p? 


*W- 


Sg.Zm. ^ 




N&pnn 


*rppn 


aepii 


KOpn 


Ktopn 


3/. 




NDpnn 


^Dpn 


K@p£) 


Ktopn 


Ncopn 


2 m. 




♦KcppiSri 


w?j?fl 


wspi 


♦NOpn 

: 1 |t • 


wppn 


2/ 


• 


Nt?p;i*< 


N*2?pN 


KfcpJ* 


NOp^ 


abps 


lc. 




WtppiV 


w*9j?! 


IKpp^ 


iNtpi?; 


Httpp! 


P7. 3 m. 


- — 

3 

H«4 


roNBpnn 

t -r/ 1 - : • 


rrJKgjpii 


rra*Dpri 


n^Ntopn 

T JV |t • 


t J'.) : • 


3/ 


wepflp 


«nppn 


wtepA 


iNppn 


wtppn 


2 m. 




n»Bpftf1 

t -iv |- : • 


rr^WDpn 

t -i . 1 : - 


ruabpn 

t jv | ~ : 


njNgpn 


rr^KCDpn 

t -IV | : 


2/ 




Wp^M 


mpfii 


WpJ 


T wbpJ 


NCOp^ 


lc. J 


wpw 


N'ppJ? 


K©pP 




Nbp 


act. ) +2 

pass . Si 








KKIp? 


tfitop 




N&p! 








Jussive ) <^ 






^NC?p? 




• •• t): • 1 


Tf. s»ff. \ 


3 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 105 

N* Nouns with Pronominal Suffixes* 



Masculine Noun. 



Feminine Noun. 



Singular. 



Suff. 







Ah sol. 


St. 






Const. 


St. 


sing. 


1, 


com. 






2. 


C masc. 
)fem. 

( masc. 






3. 


[fem. 




plur. 


1. 


com. 






1. 


C masc. 

ifem. 

( masc. 





2. 



i fem. 



0)0 a horse. 


HD1D a mare. 

T 


D^)P horse-of. 


HD1D mare-of. 


*D1D my horse. 


*nDlD rny mare. 

• T 


TlD^D thy horse. 
7]D1D thy horse. 


^HDID thy mare. 
TTilpID thy mare. 


IDID his horse. 


iriD^D his mare. 


P1D1D her horse. 

T 


nnDID her mare. 

T T 


^OID our horse. 


^OJIDID our mare. 


Q3D1D your horse. 


DDDD1D your mare. 


pDID your horse. 


pi"lp1D your mare. 


0D1D their horse. 


DJHD^lD their mare, 


[DID their horse. 


[HD1D their mare, 



luff. sing. 1. 


com. 


2. 


( masc. 
1/era. 




C masc. 


3. 


ifem. 


plur. 1. 


com. 


2. 


i masc. 
) fem. 



Plural. 

Absol. st. D 9 D1D horses. HiDID mares. 

Const, st. *D1D horses-of. nlDID mares-of. 

^D^lD rny horses. WJD1D m y mares. 

'TTDID thy horses. ^lWJD'lD thy mares. 

TPD1D thy horses. TTiliDID thy mares. 

VD1D his horses. ViTiDID his mares. 

T T 

jTDID her horses. nWlD'lD her mares. 

T -IV T J"/ 

I^D^lD our horses. 'OVTiDID our mares. 

Dp^D^D your horses. DpTllDID your mares. 

JP^DID your horses. [p*niD*lD your mares. 

DfTD^lD their horses. DnVT)D ! lD their mares. 

JfTDID their horses. JITiTiDID their mares. 



C masi 
l \fem. 



106 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



O. Paradigms of Masculine Nouns. 







a. 


b. c. 


d. e. 


f. 


Sing, absol. 




fc? 


npp JTTJ5 


Tl£ n?u 


*#9 






(king) 


(book) (sanctuary) (a youth) (perpetuity) (work) 


const. 




fa? 


nap trjj3 


"uy rngi 


^ 


with light 


suff. 


*P^5 


nop >?h£ 


n^_ ^y4» 




w. grave suff. 


D??^5 


Dpnpp Dp?np 


Dpn#p_ Dprnp 


Dp^D 


Plur. absol. 




• t : 


• t : • tit: 


onj;; dwj 


P^j?e 


" const. 




^9 


nop >£Hp 


n^_ ^nv; 


'*ty3 

" *t: |t 


" with light 


suff. 


_ t : 


- t : - t|t: 


n^ >n£i 


^ 


w. grave suff. DD*D /t2 


Dpn^p DP*?HP 


D?n^_ Dp^nv; 


DP' 1 ?^ 


Dual absol. 
const. 




D^n D^fip D»no 

•j- : - j- : J- -J- : t 

(feet) (two-folds (loins) 
or double) 

] 


•-i-* 1 :!- -j-t: |t 

(sandals) (noon, prop, 
two lights) 



Sing, absol, 



V-JT 

(death) 
i0#& 7i#fa sw/f. Wjft 



h. i. k. I. 

rw toitr ns d> 

•j- • : t 

(olive) (scourge) (fruit) (sea) 

rvr tour ne d>,d> 

• : t - 

>nn 'pit? T)© *S! 

w.flrmre *tt#.DpnlD DpJ?J Dppi£> Dpng Dp?! 

Plur. absol. DTlift DTM D'piB> D^V DW 

11 corcs*. *HiD TM ^Di^' (gazelles) ♦£» 

rt with light suff. tpiSft W ♦gflB' »£? 

M w. £ra?;e sw#. DpTVlD Dp W Dp^l^' Dp'D! 

Z)uaZ absol. DO^ DW D^rf? D'£D 

•J- * % " • -I- 'J-T . • 

(eyes) (two days) (cheeks) (hands) 

" const. w$ >sp 



m. 

DN 

(mother) 

DN 

Dp?K 

rtaN 

♦OteK 
Dp^ni^K 

(teeth) 



n. 

P h 

(law) 

TO 
♦jpp 

D^pn 

♦J2tf 

DO*pD 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



107 



O. Paradigms of Masculine Nouns. 

II. 







a. 


b. 


c. 


d. e. 


f. 


Sing, absol. 




T T 


Mil 

T T 


P 


^ns nyn 


V T 






(word) 


(wise) ( 


an old man 


) (shoulder) (court) 


(field) 


" const. 




W 


D?n 


P 


103 *wi 


rnfr 


" with light 


suff. 


ny\ 


'0?tj 


*2j3f 


♦WJ5 njfrj 


Hte> 


w. grave suff. 


d??3? 


D3P3D 


D3;pr 


D31V0 


v : |t 


Plur. absol. 




nny\ 


D'P?n 


D^PJ 


DTJftJ 


■ T 


" const. 




rEH 


'P30 


*ij?f 


Dyn 


H^ 


" to#A Zi^Atf 


suff. 


nrj 


♦Mil 

~ t _ : 


^Pt 


HXQ 


n^ 


$wigr. w. grave suff. 


DPD31 


D3'P3n 


D59j?f 


osnvtf 




Dual absol. 




• j- T : 

(wings) 


(loins) 


(thigh) 






const. 




'SJ3 











III. 



IV. 



a. 


b. 


c. a. 


b. 


C. 


Sing, absol. D^iJ^ 


y>t 


n;h Tpfi 


^ 


T : 


(perpetuity) 


(enemy) (prophet) (overseer) 


(poor) 


(writing) 


const. D/iy 


3?N 


mrn Tp9 


W: 


nn? 


" w?#A Zi#fa **#. *D^1# 


♦3?N 


7h >Tp9 




'303 


to. grave suff. O'DOb')^ 


D33?N 


D3?n D3Tp? 




dmtd 

v : |t : 


Plur. absol. D'P'Tiy 


DO?N 


D7h D*Tps 


D^J2 


Mr© 


" COTlStf. ^D^i^ 


■3^ 


nh n»pe 


^ 


"■ t : 


" with light suff. *0 /1J/ 


♦3?K 


!fh H»p9 




'303 


" w. grave suff. O^U?)^ 


D3*3?K 


oyrh D3>Tp$ nyaw 


D30TO 

" t : 


Dual absol. D^flp/D 

• J- It : V 


Mftto 

•J-; 


D^3f 






(tongs) 


(balance) 


(fortnight) 






" const. 


wtfo 









108 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 



P. Paradigms of Feminine Nouns. 





a. b. 


c. 


d. e. 


Sing, absol. 


t : ~ t : v 


ra-irr 

t : t 


rrpn rroa 




(queen) (reproach) 


(waste) 


(law) (mistress) 


const. 


nsfyo r\sr\r\ 


- : t 


npr? rraj 


with light suff 


• t : — • t : v 


♦rem 


>npn ♦rnoj 


id. grave suff. 


D^ro^p Dpjisnf-r D^rnnn D5/ipn D9JTP| 


Plur. absol. 


t : t - : 


nimn 

t t: 


mpo 


const. 


nD'po nisnn 


: t 


mpn 


" with suff. 


•ntoto •niflnn 


- : t 


^niprr 


Dual absol. 


D?09i?1 




d^v? 




(double 




(cymbals) 



embroidery) 



II. 



III. 



a. 

np-rc 



Sing, absol. 

(justice) 
" const. nplV 

" iciTft Zi^A* swjf. vip-iv 



b. 

(outcry) 



c. 



a. 



(year) (sprout) 



b. 
(skull) 



w 



nnw rfafrj 



♦re# >npji> *J#£j 
piur. absoi. np"jv nW nipJi* nW?J 



COTIS^. 


nipiv 


nw mppi* rrt^j 


101^ SM^*. 


♦fllpTV 


♦rW »frtp^ »ni^ 


'waZ absol. 




DTt$)?> D?fl^9(D?5#BJ> 


const. 




(lips) (cymbals) (pair of 
fetters) 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



109 







Q. Numerals, 






With the Masculine. 


TF^A the Feminine. 




Absolute. 


Construct. 


Absolute. 


Construct. 


1. 


"ins 


im 


nrrtf 


nm 


2. 


&}p 


*# 


B!%& 


>tytf 


3. 


rtihtf 


v -J : 


&70 

T 


vfytf 


4. 


nyVii* 


nyriN 


y?")N 


VT® 


5. 


riwnn 

t ■ _ : 


fl^pb 


T 


tfQn 


6. 


ftWUf 


new 

V J - " 


B^ 


&0 


7. 


tvrzw 


ryp& 


W 


JW 


8. 


t : 


nibv 


robe' 




9. 


rw&r) 


nyufn 


3^J3 


vm 


L0. 


nn^ 


ilifasc. 


Fern. 


^i 




*i ; 


1^1 HK 


niM r\m 






^jjWs 


rr&s+fflfji 






»{■ 


^ D\?f* 


Tr\$% dw' 






n^y ^ 


rr&s »©# 






13. n&yrief70 


Tt&xvhfc 





100 

200 

300 

400 

1000 

2000 

3000 

4000 

10000 

20000 
30000 
40000 
60000 



HKD/ em -i const. nKDiPluV' riiND hundreds. 
D?fJKD dual (for DTlKp). 

niNE yrtK etc. 

tlhtf masc.,plur. O^O^N thousands. 
&&?$ (dual). 

MS&t ni?5>NI, etc. 
J-QDIj but, in later books, 

am tyi p^. niK*n (contracted ni2i). 
D?ran (Aioi), also nin ♦©# 
nteen eft# 

MK31 j£n& etc. 



110 



ELEMENTS OP HEBREW 



Paradigm R. Inseparable Prepositions with 

Suffixes. 

1) 3 AND S WITH SUFFIXES : 



m. 



:J 



m. 



3. 



Singular. 
*3 in nie 

v y 

13 in hi™ 
I f- ("ID in her 

Plural. 
1. 1^3 ^?i its 

T 

(m. DM) 
m. DfjlDa 



tfAee 



3. 



m £7iem 



m. 
f. 

m. 

f. 



Singular. 
*7 £o me 

ft 

y) to him 
j"H £o her 



to thee 



Plural. 
13 7 to ms 

T 
T -J'.' T J 



2) 3 WITH SUFFIXES 
Singular. 
1- U1D3 ^6 me 

-J T 

2. m. !T|1ft3 ^e £Aese 

( m. im^3 like him 
3.< J T 

( f- i"7lD3 like her 

Plural. 
1- 131D3 Wee us 

-I T 

2. m. DD3 fo'&c 2/ow 



3 " 1 i. |oJ, njb$ : 



/rom iA.ee 



3) |p WITH SUFFIXES : 

Singular. 

*3£DQ /rom me 
m. 

f. 
hi- 1JJ5p/romAim 

f- Hil£)0 from her 

T V - 

Plural. 
^'Q'Ofrom us 
m. ODD 

f - fie 

m. DHD 

f. ?r 



/rom £^em 



VERBS OCCURRING 25—5000 TIMES, 

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR CLASSIFICATION. 



112 ELEMENTS OF HEBKEW 

XII. Perfect Verbs occurring 25—5000 times. 



1 7}2 (K.) Deal treacherously 31 "(ftp (K. Ni. Pi.) Sustain 

2 S"T3(Ni. Hi.) Divide 32 "l$p (K. Ni.) Mourn 

3 &p_2 (Pi. Pu.) Seek 33 -|SD (K. Ni. Pi. Pu.) Number 

4 St?3 (K. Pi. Pu. Hi.) Boil [great 34 IpD (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hi. Hithp.) 

5 SlJ (K. Pi. Pu. Hi. Hithp.) Be ' Conceal 

6 S_?il (K. Ni.) Tear away 35 toS|) (K. Pi. Hi.) Escape 

7 Spi (K.Ni.) Deal well orill with 36 lp£ (K.Ni.Pi.Pu.Hi.Ho.Hithp. 

8 ^(K.Ni.Pi.Pu.Hithp.) Steal T Hothp.) Visit 

9 p3^T (K.Pu.Hi.Ho.) Cleave 37 &&& (K. Pi. Hi. Hithp.) Strip off 

10 nil (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hi, Hithp.) 38 ^j-ji (K. Ni. Pi. Hi. Hithp.) Be 

Speak righteous 

11 *DJ (K.Ni.Hi.) Remember 39 -joy (Ni. Pu. Hi.) Bind 

12 nof (K.Ni. Pi.) Sing 40 f§i (K. Ni. Hi.) Conceal 

13 fpf (K. Hi.) Be old 41 "Dp (K. Ni. Pi. Pu.) Bury 

14 [OD(K.Ni. Hi.) Secrete 42 Q-jp (Pi. Hi.) Be before [holy 

15 -TDD (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hi. Hithp.) 43 KHp (K.Ni.Pi.Pu.Hi.Hithp.) Be 

Be heavy 44 C^ (K. Hi. Hithp.) Be wroth 

16 DM (K- Pi- Pu. Hothp.) Wash 45 "ltf p (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hithp.) Bind 

- T -|T 

17 D 73 (Ni. Hi. Ho.) Be ashamed Conspire 

18 133 (K. Pi. Pu. Hithp. Nithp.) 46 Jjpfef (K.) Oppose 

Cover 47 Sp^ (K. P. Hi.) Be wise 

19 h&3 (K.Ni. Pi. Hi. Ho.) Stumble 48 *Dfe> (K. Ni. Hithp.) Hire 

20 2ra (K. Ni. Pi.) Write 49 ^kf (K. Ni Pi. Hi. Ho.) Break in 

21 Jtf'3*?(K.Pu.Hi.)Puton ' pieces 

22 13^ (K. Ni. Hithp.) Capture 50 p£0 (K. Ni. Hi.) Cease, rest 

23 10*"> (K. Pi. Pu.) Learn 51 qp^' (K. Ni. Pu.) Overflow 

24 COpS (K. Pi. Pu. Hithp.) Gather 52 D0B> (Hi.) Rise early 

25 TpQ (K. Ni. Hithp.) Sell 53 *pttf (Hi. Ho.) Cast, send 

26 dS.D (Ni.Pi. Hi. Hithp.) Escape 54 Ift^' (Ni. Hi.) Destroy 

27 rr^O (K. Ni. Hi. Ho.) Be king 55 10^' (K. Ni. Pi. Hithp.) Keep 

28 Tjgfp (K. Ni. Pu.) Prolong 56 S$£> (K. Hi.) Become low 

29 ^'0 (K. Hi.) Rule 57 ft^ (K. Hi.) Be quiet 

30 -tfD (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hi.) Shut 58 £>£n (K. Ni. Pi.) Catch 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 113 

XIII. Verbs Pe Guttural occurring 25-5000 

times. 

1 SjJSt (K. Hi. Hithp.) Mourn 17 ffifl (K.) Delight 

2 fDtf (K.Pi.Hi.Hithp.)Beestab- 18 ^fl (K. Ni. Hi. Pu.) Dig 

lished 19 npH (K. Ni. Pi.) Search 

3 f]DN (K.Ni.P.Pu.Hithp.) Gather 20 D^'H (K. Ni. Pi. Hithp.) Think, 

4 "ION (K. Ni. Pu.) Bind 21 T^H (K. Ni.) Withhold [impute 

5 Q&k (K. Ni. Hi.) Be guilty 22 DiVT (K. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Enclose, seal 

6 ?jfin (K.Ni.Ho.Hithp.)Be turned 23 iS^ (K. Ni. Pu. Hi. Ho.) Serve 

7 IDH (K. Pi. Pu. Hi. Hithp.) Join 24 "OJ/ (K.Ni.Pi.Hi. Hithp.) Pass 

8 BOn (K. Pi. Pu.) Bind, gird 25 Stj/ (K. Ni. Pu.) Abandon [over 

9 4 -gn(K.)Gird 26 -|_y; (K. Ni. Hi.) Assist 

10 Vlll (K.) Cease 27 ^j? (K. Ni.) Restrain 

11 pin (K.Pi.Hi.Hithp.)Be strong 28 TJ0^ (K. Pu.) Oppress 

12 COT? (K. Pi. Pu. Hi. Hithp.) Be 29 pS (K. Hi.) Crouch 

13 tpjl (K. Pi. Hi.) Change [wise 30 {f\ (K. Hi. Hithp.) Tremble 

14 lAh (K. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Draw out 31 Sjn ( K - Pi - Ti P n -) Tread > spy 

15 pbh (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hi. Hithp.) 32 t]T) (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hi.) Pursue 
J6 %n (K.) Pity, spare [Distribute 33 DD^t (K. Hi.) Bide 

XIV. Verbs Ayin Guttural occurring 25-5000 

times. 

1 S*0 (K. Ni.) Redeem 18 pjft (K. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Cry 

2 , JND (Pi-) Refuse 19 THS (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hi. Hithp.) 

3 Sn# CK. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Ask ' Bless 

4 brO (Ni. Pi. Pu. Hi) Hasten 20 &*)% (K. Ni. Pi. Pu.) Drive out 

5 in6 (K.Pi.Pu.Hithp.) Be clean 21 ghl (K. Ni.) Tread, seek 

6 ^HD (K. Ni. Pi) Hasten 22 pHf (K. Pu.) Sprinkle 

7 SiSp (Ni. Hi.) Congregate 23 JpB (K. Ni. Po. Hi.) Tear 

8 l6i ( K - Ni - Pu -) Choose 24 JTD (K. Ni. Pu. Hi. Ho.) Cut 

9 IPO (Ni. Pi. Hi.) Hide 25 lS|) (K. Pi. Pu. Hi. Hithp.) Sep- 

10 Qflb (K. Ni.) Fight 1 arate 

11 IVlk (K. Pi. Hi.) Fear 26 f\Q (K. Ni. Pu. Hithp.) Break 

12 pfl'W (K. Pi. Hi.) Laugh T forth 

13 tOW (K. Ni.) Kill 27 tjnS (K. Ni. Pi.) Spread out 

14 nnk> (Ni. Pi. Hi. Ho.) Destroy 28 fpi (K. Ni. Pi.) Refine 

15 n^*J (K.Ni.Pi.Pu.Hi.) Consume 29 T)p (K. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Draw near 

16 pj£) (K. Pi. Hi.) Provoke 30 CptJ> (K.Ni.Pu. Burn 

17 Sj?3 (K.) Do 31 fn&r (PiJMinister 



114 ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 

XV. Verbs Lamedh Guttural occurring 25—5000 

times. 



1 rnj (K. Hi.) Be high 10 Jtf2 (Ni. Hi.) Be humbled 

2 Dpi (K. Hi.) Trust 11 J^D (K. Ni.) Withhold 

3 rOt (K. Pi.) Sacrifice 12 y]k (K. Hi.) Meet, touch 

4 n&T'D (K. Ni.) Anoint 13 yWQ (K. Ni.) Transgress 

5 n^D (K. Ni.) Forgive 14 Jftfi < K - HL) B e wicked 

6 ffT) (K. Ni. Pi. Pu.) Slay 15 #3$ (K. Pi. Hi.) Satisfy 

7 nb& (K. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Send 16 jn& (K. Ni. Hi.) Swear 

8 J^3(K.Ni.Pi.Pu.Hitlip.)Swallow 17 JfOfc (K. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Hear 

9 yp3 (K.Ni.Pi.Pu.Hi.Ho.Hithp.) 18 yjjn (K. Ni.) Strike, blow 

Cleave 

XVI. Verbs with two gutturals occurring 25— 

5000 times. 



x. Verbs I*e and Ayin Guttural. 

1 D")K (K.Pi.Hithp.) Lie in ambush 9 ^Hll (KNi. Hi. Hithp.) Be silent, 

2 TpK (K. Hi.) Prolong "" engrave 

3 F\h (K. Ni. Pu.) Kill 10 Tty (K. Hithp.) Mix, pledge 

4 D^n ( K - Ni - Pi -) Br eak down 11 TlSj? (K. Hi.) Arrange 

5 DSh(K.Ni.Pu.Hi.Ho.)Bedriedl2 3IT) (K. Ni. Hi.) Be enlarged 

up 13 DnS (K. PL Pu.) Have mercy 

6 TH (K. Hi.) Tremble 14 f|T) (K. Pu. Hithp.) Wash 

7 Dili (K. Hi. Ho.) Devote, destroy 15 prn (K. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Be afar off 

8 rpn K. Ni. Pi.) Reproach 16 #JTJ (K. Ni. Hi.) Shake 

2. Vertos Ayin and I<amedh Guttural. 

1 ITD (K. Hi.) Flee 4 PHiD (K. Hi.) Flourish 

2 JH| (K. Ni. Pu. Hi.) Sow 5 JTlp (K. Ni.) Rend 

3 JTD (K. Hi.) Bend the knee 

XVII. Verbs Pe Nun occurring 25-5000 times/ 

1 DDJ (Pi- Hi.) Look 6 Cy^XK. Ni.) Scatter 

2 (SijXK. Pi. Hi.) Wither 7 TO(K.) Vow 

3 1^ (Hi. Ho.) Make known 8 ^5 (K. Ni. Pu.) Spread out 

4 r|53 (K. Ni. Hithp.) Smite 9 n55 (Ni. Pi. Hi. Hithp.) Know 

5 #33 (K. Ni. Hi. Ho. Hithp.) Ap- 10 T]p3 (K. Ni. Pi. Hi. Ho.) Pour 

proach out 



• Verbs in parentheses occur less than 25 times. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 115 

XVII. Verbs Pe Nun occurring 25—5000 times. 

11 ^£DJ (K. Hi. Hithp. Pil.) Fall 17 Jigtf (Hi.) Reach 

12 D^i ( Ni - ffi - Ho > Stand . 18 i$? (K - Pi - Hi) Lend 

13 ^i3 (Ni. Pi. Hi. Ho. Hithp.) 19 pgfj (K Pi. Hi.) Kiss 

T Snatch, deliver 20 jn3 (K. Ni. Ho.) Give 

14 *")^ (K.) Kee P> watcn 21 f ni (K. Ni. Hi. Pu. Ho.) Break 

15 Dpi (K. Ni.) Define T down 

16 Qnj (K. Ni. Pi. Ho. Hithp.) 22 fiftf (K. Ni. Pi. Hi. Ho.) Draw 

Avenge out 

XVIII. Verbs Ayin Doubled occurring 25-5000 

t imes . 

, . i. Verbs Ayin doubled. 

1 T?2 (K. Hi. Hithp.) Confound 11 (TlD)(K.) Be rebellious 

2 6%)(K. Ni. Po. Hi. Hithpo. Pil- 12 b^k (Pi- Hithp.) Pray 

T pel, Hithpalpel) Boll 13 T)S) (K. Po. Pil. Hi. Ho. Hithpo.) 

3 DOT (K. Ni. Po. Hi.) Be silent " Break 

4 77> (Hi.) Howl, wail 14 Tltf (K. Pu. Hi.) Distress 

5 1l6 (K. Ni. Pi. Po. Hithpo) 15 Tip (K.) Bow down the head 

" T Measure 16 TJp (K. Ni. Pi. Pil. Pu. Hi. Hith- 

6 (SSftXK. Pi.) Talk T palpel) Be light 

7 (DDOXK. Ni. Hi.) Melt 17 p*1 (K. Pi. Pu. Hi. Hithpo.) Sing, 

8 Tti (K. Po. Hi. Ho. Hithpo.) T cry aloud 

T Wander 18 Tl^' (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Po. Ho.) 

9 MD (K. Ni. Pi. Po. Hi. Ho.) Destroy 

Surround 19(DW')(K.Pu.) Be waste, desolate 

10 Cq5p)(K.Hi. Ho.) Cover, protect 20 D^h (K. Ni. Hi. Hithp.) Finish 

2. Verbs I»e Guttural and Ayin doubled. 

1 TIN* K. Ni. Pi. Ho.) Curse 5 pn (K. Ni. Pi. Po. Ho, Hithp.) 

2 bbh (K. Pi. Po. Pu. Hi. Hithp. Be gracious 

Hithpo.) Praise 6 fljll! (K.Ni.Pi.Hi.) Be dismayed 

3 QJdXK.) Dance, celebrate a feast ^OllKLPu^Beinan^multiply 

4 9?ll (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Poel, Poal, 8 ##1 (K. Hi. Hithpol.) Be evil 

Hi. Ho.) Pollute, begin 

XIX. Verbs Pe Yodh occurring 25—5000 times. 

1 T|Sn(K.Ni.Pi.Hi.Hithp.) Walk 5 -fr (K.Ni.Pi.Pu.Hi.Ho.Hithp.) 

2 &y (K. Pi. Hi.) Be dry " T Bring forth 

3 2$ (K. Hi.) Be good 6 py (K. Hi.) Give suck 

4 *»* (Ho.) Be able 7 HDUK. Ni. Pi. Pu. Ho.) Found 



116 



ELEMENTS OF HEBKEW 



XIX. Verbs Pe Yodh occurring 25-5000 times. 



Cp* (K.Ni.Hi.) Add [tise 15 

npj (K.Ni. Nithp.Pi.Hi.) Chas- 16 
p 9 ^(K Hi. Ho.) Pour out 17 

-)¥> (K. Ni, Pu. Ho.) Form 18 

fW (K. Ni. Hi.) Kindle 19 

13 (T^|T)(K.) Awake [snares 

14 (£>p>)(K. Ni. Ho. or Pu.) Lay 20 



T}> (K. Hi. Ho.) Go down 

Eh* (K. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Possess 
2$ (K.Ni.Pi.Hi Ho.) Sit, dwell 
(|t#*)(K. Pi.) Sleep 
*\Up (K. Pi. Pu. Hi.) Be straight, 

right 
*W (K. Ni. Hi.) Be left over 



XX. Verbs AyinVav occurring 25— 5000 times. 



9 
10 

11 
12 

13 
11 
15 
16 



(PI3)(K.) Despise [ashamed 17 
&)2 (K. Pil. Hi. Hithpol) Be 18 
")y (K. Hithpol.) Sojourn 
(ttfHXK. Ni. Hoph.) Thresh 
2M (K.) Flow 
«T|?(K.Ni. Ho.) Sojourn 
SlPl (K. Pol. Pul. Hi. Ho. Hith- 23 
pol. Hithpalpel) Be pained, 24 
bring forth 
3ltO (K. Hi.) Be good [tain 25 
^■13 (K.Pilpel,Polpal,Hi.) Con- 26 
J13 (Ni. Pol. Pul. Hi. Ho. Hith- 27 
pol.) Prepare 28 

(tfS)(K. Ni. Hi.) Turn away 
pS(K. Ni. Hi. Hithpalpel) 29 
Lodge [Scorn 

Y'h (K. Ni. Pil. Hithpalpel) 30 
010XK. Ni. Pol. Hithpol.) Melt 31 
DID (K. Ni. Hi.' Hithp.) Move 32 
■710 (K. Ni. Pol. Hi. Hithpol.) 33 
Circumcise 



B*ID (K. Hi.) Depart 
HID (K. Pol. Hi. Ho.) Die 
(DIjXK.) Slumber 

(D^XK. Pol. Hi. Hithpol.) Flee 

t]U (K. Pol. Hi. Ho.) Shake, sift 

G1DXK. Ni.) Turn back 

T)D (K. Pol. Hi. Ho.) Turn aside 

p£(K. Ni. Pol. Pilpel, Hi. 

Hithp.) Scatter 
OTOXK. Po. Hithp.) Hunt 
(DTO(K.) Fast 

*\W (K.) Press, besiege 

Q)p (K. Pi. Pol. Hi. Ho. Hithp.) 
Rise, staud 

Dn (K. Pol. Polal, Hi. Ho. Hith- 
pol.) Be high 

|T) (K.Pol. Hi) Bun 
(HflXHi. Ho.) Pour out, draw out 
(trnXK.Hithp.)Bepoor 
2W ; (K.Pol. Pul. Hi. Ho.) Turn, 
return 



XXI. Verbs AyinYodh occurring 25-5000 times. 

1 |>3 (K. Ni. Pol. Hi. Hithpol.) 4 Q^ (K. Hi. Ho.) Place, set 

2 VjHK.) Exult [Perceive 5 Ipp (P. Pol. Ho.) Sing 

3 an (K. Hi.) Strive 6 jTB> (K. Ho.) Put 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 117 

XXII. Verbs I?e Aleph. 

1 13N (K. Pi. Hi.) Perish 4 ^tf (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hi.) Eat 

- T - T 

2 fDN (K.) Be willing 5 IftX (K. Ni. Hi. Hithp.) Say 

T T ~ T 

3 NIK (K. Ni. Pi. Ho.) Seize 6 HfiN (K. Ni.) Bake 

- r t t 

XXIII. Verbs Lamedh Aleph, occurring 25— 
5000 times. 

1 IC)2 (K.Ni.Pi.Hi.) Create 8 KtfD (K. Ni. Hi.) Find 

T T T T 

2 {OH (Ni. Pu. Hi. Ho. Hithp.) 9 (tf 3J)(Ni. Hithp.) Prophesy 

Hide 10 l&Q (Ni.Pi.Hi. Hithp.) Be won- 

T T 

3 NDfl (K.Pi.Hi.Hithp.) Sin 11 (NpJD(K) Be thirsty [derful 

4 N£D (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hithp. 12 *Op (Pi- Hi.) Be jealous 

Hothp.) Be unclean , K Ni Pu> , Call 

5 N'T (K. Ni. Pi.) Be afraid *V|t J i K.Ni.Hi. J Meet 

6 (tfSsXK. Ni. Pi.) Restrain 14 N£fl (K. Ni. Pi. Hithp.) Heal 

7 N^D (K.Ni.Pi.Pu.Hithp.)Be full 15 fcQ$ (K. Ni. Pi.) Hate 

" T " T 

XXIV. Verbs Lamedh He, occurring 25-2000 

times. 

1 HD (K. Ni. Hi.) Despise 17 rtf£? (K.Pi.Hi.Ho.) Turn about 

2 HM (K. Pi.) Weep 18 (ht^JElXK.) Spread 

T T T T 

3 r6^ (K. Pi.) Fall away, decay 19 Hltf (Pi.Pu.) Command 

4 lip (K. Ni.) Build [Reveal 20 HM (K.Pi.Pu.) Watch, cover 

5 n^ (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Ho. Hithp.) 21 tlV (K. Ni. Pi.) Wait 

T T T (T 

6 (ftjpJXK.) Increase 22 JlJH (K. Ni. Hi.) Get, obtain 

7 (H^XK. Pi.) Draw 23 H¥p (K. Pi. Hi.) Cast off, send 

8 Tift! (K.Ni. Pi. Hithp.) Be like 24 ntfp (K. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Be sharp. 

T T T |T 

9 POt (K. Pu. Hi.) Commit forni- hard 

TT 

10 (PDIDXK. Pi.) Quench [cation 25 HT1 (K.Pi.Hi.) Have dominion 

11 rte (K. Pi. Pu.) Complete 26 ftJtf (K. Ni.) Capture 

12 HD3 (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hithp.) Con- 27 H W (K.Hi.Hithp.)Do obeisance 

13 nY? (K. Ni. Hi.) Join [ceal 28 TOtf (Ni. Pu. Hi.) Drink 

T T | T T 

14 ntDJ (K. Ni. Hi.) Stretch out 29 HH^ (K. Ni.) Drink 

15 rrfip(K.Ni.ffi.)End 30 nVn (K. Ni. Pi.) Hang 

16 m£) (K. Ni. Hi. Ho.) Redeem 



118 ELEMENTS OF HEBREW 

XXV. Verbs Ay in Vav and, at the same time, 
Guttural, or Lamedh Aleph, occurring 

25-5000 times. 

1 TiK (K. Ni. Hi.) Shine 6 t\ty (K.Pol.Hi.Hithpol.) Fly 

2 Xfo (K. Hi. Ho.) Go in 7 ~\ty (K. Ni. Pol. Hi. Hiohpol.) 

3 fTO (K. Hi Ho.) Rest Awake 

4 #U(K.Ni.Hi.)Move,nod 8 #f) (Ni. Polal, Hi. Hithpol.) 

5 n^ (K.Pi.Hi.Ho.Pil.Hithpal.) Shout 

Testify 

XXVI. Verbs Pe Nun and, at the same time, 
Guttural, Lamedh Aleph or Lamedh He, 

occurring 25—5000 times. 

1 Hp_7 (K.Ni.Pu.Ho.Hithp.) Take 9 HD3 (K. Ni. Hi.) Stretch out 

2 r|50 (K. Pi.) Commit adultery 10 $&} (K. Ni.) Plant 

3 pq (K. Pi. Hi. Hithp.) Despise 11 H^ (Ni. Pu. Hi. Ho.) Smite 

4 $}} (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hi.) Touch 12 fittf (Pi.) Try, prove 

5 PTO (K. Ni. Pu. Hi. Ho.) Drive 13 ypJ (K. Ni. Hi.) Depart 

6 yrti (K. Pi.) Lead 14 TO3 (Ni. Pi.) Be preeminent 

- T - T 

7 nm (K. Hi.) Lead forth 15 Jlj"^ (K. Ni. Pi.) Be innocent 

8 Shi (K. Pi. Hi. Ho. Hithp.) In- 16 Kt^J (K.Ni.Pi.Hi.Hithp.)Lif t up 

- T T T 

herit 

XXVII. Verbs Pe Yodh and, at the same time, 
Guttural, Lamedh Aleph or Lamedh He, 

occurring 25—5000 times. 

1 yy> (K. Pi.Hi.) Labor,be weary 7 W> (K.Ni.Hithp.) Give counsel 

2 ft-? (Hi. Hith.) Thank 8 W (K. Hi. Ho.) Go forth 

3 VT (K. Ni. Pi. Po. Pu. Hi. Ho. 9 NT (K. Ni. Pi.) Be afraid 

* ~T - T 

Hithp.) Know 10 JlT (K. Ni. Hi.) Cast, instruct 

4 art (K.) Give 11 'tfy (K. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Possess 

5 SlT (Ni. Pi. Hi.) Wait 12 ^(K.Ni.Pi. Hi. Ho.) Sit, dwell 

6 I!?' (Ni.Pi.Ho.Hithp.)Reprove 13 )flp> (Ni. Hi.) Deliver 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



119 



XXVIII. Verbs Pe and Ayin Guttural, and 
Lamedh He occurring 25—5000 times. 

1 ."OK (K.) Be willing (PeAleph) 13 ,T)D (K. Hi.) Rebel 



2 nS^ (K. Hi.) Swear 

T T 

3 ftin (K. Po. Hi.) Meditate 

4 ,Tr?(K.Ni.)Be 

T T 

5 tlDn (K.) Make a noise 

T T 

6 ft-\r\ (K. Pu. Po.) Conceive 

T T 

7 JTn (K. Pi. Hi.) Live 



14 nSj; (K. Ni. Hi. Ho.Hithp.) Go up 

15 ror 5 K Ni PiHi - 

' W|K.Ni.Pi.Pu.Hi.Hithp. 

Answer, afflict 

16 nt^y (K. Ni. Pi. Pu.) Do, make 

17 rOB (K. Hi.) Be fruitful 

18 flfli (K- Pi- Pu-) Watch, cover 



8 nSn (K. Ni. Pi. Pu. Hi. Ho. 19 ffip (K. Ni. Pi. Hi.) Meet [See 



Hithp.) Be sick 
9 Jl^H (K.) Encamp 

io rron (k.) Trust 



20 n$0 (K. Ni. Pu. Hi. Ho. Hithp.) 

21 nX) (K. Pi. Hi.) Multiply 

T T 

22 rrjD (K. Pi. Hi. Hithp.) Feed 



11 mn (K. Ni. Hi. Hithp.) Be 23 nST\ (K. Ni. Pi. Hi. Hithp.) Be 

T T T T 



angry 

12 nrro (k. Ni. m.) wipe off 



feeble [pleased 

24 mn CK, Ni. Pi. Hi. Hithp.) Be 



XXIX. Synopses in the Kal of ten common, but 



Perf. 3 m. sg. 
Inf. Abs. 
Inf. Cst. 
Impf . 3 m sg. 
Imv. 2 m. sg. 
Participle Act. 



difficult verbs. 

(Nto) cfyty (NSj) 



n*b 



rrrij 
bin 



TOTl 

ni*ri s 
rori 



(HpS) (jrv) 



Perf. 3 m. sg. 


*tt 


faF 


N¥> 


np^ 


rc 


Inf. Abs. 


Ntt 


^ 


T 


nip> 


#-»: 


Inf. Cst. 


Ni3 


no 1 ? 


nxtf 


nnp 


njn 


Impf. 3 m. sg. 


T 


i|* 


N£ 


np! 


*2 


Imv. 2 m. sg. 


Nto 


P 


N¥ 


n P 


jn 


Participle Act. 


T 


to 


KJP 


np 1 ? 


£1' 




t r 


T T 


T T 


car) 

"T 


<W> 



"T 
N'T 



nn 
IP 



ERRATA. 



Page 10, line 10 from top, for *p#f read 'jpjft. 

13, line 6 from bottom, omit (See Appendix I). 

14, line 6 from bottom, for I read 1 

15, foot-note, after see insert 29. 1. 

23, line 4 from top, after see insert 28. 1. 2) . 
" 23, line 14 from bottom, after see insert 9. 2. 2). 

23, omit foot-note. 
" 33, line 14 from top, for 41. 4 rmd 41. 2. 5). R, 

45, line 18 from top, insert in before the. 

45, line 10 from bottom, insert Perfect before always. 

53, line 17 from top, insert in parenthesis 63. 1. 2). 

53, line 18 from top, insert in parenthesis 63. 2. 
14 55, line 4, from bottom, for 23. read 28. 

56, line 15 from top, references 40. 1 and 53. 1 are to Isaiah. 
44 75, line 15 from top, for IT read A. 

75, line 19 from bottom,. for *) read ). 
44 81, line 2 from top, for N read Q. 
" 88, last line, read rfrWN and tl^WHK 

t -i |: - t : |- : v 

" 113, in XIII, insert betioeen JVos. 12 and 13, D^fl (K.) Dream. 

- T 

" 113, in xiii, insert between Nos. 26 omcZ 27, "Jftj; ( K. Hi. Ho.) Stand. 

" 114, in xv, No. 7. ^ser£ Pu. after Pi. 

44 115, in xvm, No. 19, for Pu. read Ni. Po. Hi. Ho. Hithpo. 

44 117, in xxiii, No. 1, om?*i Hi.; in xxiv, No. 29, insert Hi. 

44 118, in xx vii, No. 6, for Pi. read Hi. 



